function Student(props) {
  this.name = props.name || 'Unnamed';
}

Student.prototype.hello = function () {
  alert('Hello, ' + this.name + '!');
}

function PrimaryStudent(props) {
  // 调用Student构造函数，绑定this变量:
  Student.call(this, props);
  this.grade = props.grade || 1;
}

// PrimaryStudent构造函数:
function PrimaryStudent(props) {
  Student.call(this, props);
  this.grade = props.grade || 1;
}

// 空函数F:
function F() {
}

// 把F的原型指向Student.prototype:
F.prototype = Student.prototype;

// 把PrimaryStudent的原型指向一个新的F对象，F对象的原型正好指向Student.prototype:
PrimaryStudent.prototype = new F();

// 把PrimaryStudent原型的构造函数修复为PrimaryStudent:
PrimaryStudent.prototype.constructor = PrimaryStudent;

// 继续在PrimaryStudent原型（就是new F()对象）上定义方法：
PrimaryStudent.prototype.getGrade = function () {
  return this.grade;
};

// 创建xiaoming:
var xiaoming = new PrimaryStudent({
  name: '小明',
  grade: 2
});
xiaoming.name; // '小明'
xiaoming.grade; // 2

// 验证原型:
xiaoming.__proto__ === PrimaryStudent.prototype; // true
xiaoming.__proto__.__proto__ === Student.prototype; // true

// 验证继承关系:
xiaoming instanceof PrimaryStudent; // true
xiaoming instanceof Student; // true

function inherits(Child, Parent) {
  var F = function () {};
  F.prototype = Parent.prototype;
  Child.prototype = new F();
  Child.prototype.constructor = Child;
}
这个inherits()函数可以复用：
function Student(props) {
  this.name = props.name || 'Unnamed';
}

Student.prototype.hello = function () {
  alert('Hello, ' + this.name + '!');
}

function PrimaryStudent(props) {
  Student.call(this, props);
  this.grade = props.grade || 1;
}

// 实现原型继承链:
inherits(PrimaryStudent, Student);

// 绑定其他方法到PrimaryStudent原型:
PrimaryStudent.prototype.getGrade = function () {
  return this.grade;
};