import java.util.ArrayDeque; 
import java.util.Deque; 
 
public class IntegerStack { 
  private Deque<Integer> data = new ArrayDeque<Integer>(); 
 
  public void push(Integer element) { 
    data.addFirst(element); 
  } 
 
  public Integer pop() { 
    return data.removeFirst(); 
  } 
 
  public Integer peek() { 
    return data.peekFirst(); 
  } 
 
  public String toString() { 
    return data.toString(); 
  } 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) { 
    IntegerStack stack = new IntegerStack(); 
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { 
      stack.push(i); 
    } 
    System.out.println(stack); 
    System.out.println("After pushing 5 elements: " + stack); 
    int m = stack.pop(); 
    System.out.println("Popped element = " + m); 
    System.out.println("After popping 1 element : " + stack); 
    int n = stack.peek(); 
    System.out.println("Peeked element = " + n); 
    System.out.println("After peeking 1 element : " + stack); 
  } 
}  

private transient E[] elements; 
 private transient int head; 
 private transient int tail; 
 
/*此处存放e的位置是从elements数组最后的位置开始存储的*/ 
 public void addFirst(E e) { 
    if (e == null) 
      throw new NullPointerException(); 
    elements[head = (head - 1) & (elements.length - 1)] = e;//首次数组容量默认为16，head=（0-1）&(16-1)=15 
    if (head == tail) 
      doubleCapacity(); 
  } 
 
/*每次扩容都按插入的先后顺序重新放入一个新的数组中，最新插入的放在数组的第一个位置。*/ 
  private void doubleCapacity() { 
    assert head == tail; 
    int p = head; 
    int n = elements.length; 
    int r = n - p; // number of elements to the right of p 
    int newCapacity = n << 1; 
    if (newCapacity < 0) 
      throw new IllegalStateException("Sorry, deque too big"); 
    Object[] a = new Object[newCapacity]; 
    System.arraycopy(elements, p, a, 0, r); 
    System.arraycopy(elements, 0, a, r, p); 
    elements = (E[])a; 
    head = 0; 
    tail = n; 
  } 
 
  public E removeFirst() { 
    E x = pollFirst(); 
    if (x == null) 
      throw new NoSuchElementException(); 
    return x; 
  } 
 
  public E pollFirst() { 
    int h = head; 
    E result = elements[h]; // Element is null if deque empty 
    if (result == null) 
      return null; 
    elements[h] = null;   // 重新设置数组中的这个位置为null，方便垃圾回收。 
    head = (h + 1) & (elements.length - 1);//将head的值回退，相当于将栈的指针又向下移动一格。例如，12--〉13 
    return result; 
  } 
 
  public E peekFirst() { 
    return elements[head]; // elements[head] is null if deque empty 
  }