function Scope() {
  this.$$watchers = []; // 监听器数组
  this.$$lastDirtyWatch = null; // 每次digest循环的最后一个脏的watcher, 用于优化digest循环
  this.$$asyncQueue = []; // scope上的异步队列
  this.$$applyAsyncQueue = []; // scope上的异步apply队列
  this.$$applyAsyncId = null; //异步apply信息
  this.$$postDigestQueue = []; // postDigest执行队列
  this.$$phase = null; // 储存scope上正在做什么,值有：digest/apply/null
  this.$root = this; // rootScope

  this.$$listeners = {}; // 存储包含自定义事件键值对的对象

  this.$$children = []; // 存储当前scope的儿子Scope,以便$digest循环递归
}

/* $watch方法：向watchers数组中添加watcher对象，以便对应调用 */
Scope.prototype.$watch = function(watchFn, listenerFn, valueEq) {
  var self = this;

  watchFn = $parse(watchFn);

  // watchDelegate: 针对watch expression是常量和 one-time-binding的情况，进行优化。在第一次初始化之后删除watch
  if(watchFn.$$watchDelegate) {
    return watchFn.$$watchDelegate(self, listenerFn, valueEq, watchFn);
  }
  var watcher = {
    watchFn: watchFn,
    listenerFn: listenerFn || function() {},
    valueEq: !!valueEq,
    last: initWatchVal
  };

  this.$$watchers.unshift(watcher);
  this.$root.$$lastDirtyWatch = null;

  return function() {
    var index = self.$$watchers.indexOf(watcher);
    if(index >= 0) {
      self.$$watchers.splice(index, 1);
      self.$root.$$lastDirtyWatch = null;
    }
  };
};

Scope.prototype.$$digestOnce = function() {
      var dirty;
      var continueLoop = true;
      var self = this;

      this.$$everyScope(function(scope) {
        var newValue, oldValue;

        _.forEachRight(scope.$$watchers, function(watcher) {
          try {
            if(watcher) {
              newValue = watcher.watchFn(scope);
              oldValue = watcher.last;

              if(!scope.$$areEqual(newValue, oldValue, watcher.valueEq)) {
                scope.$root.$$lastDirtyWatch = watcher;

                watcher.last = (watcher.valueEq ? _.cloneDeep(newValue) : newValue);
                
                watcher.listenerFn(newValue,
                  (oldValue === initWatchVal? newValue : oldValue), scope);
                dirty = true;
              } else if(scope.$root.$$lastDirtyWatch === watcher) {
                continueLoop = false;
                return false;
              }
            }
          } catch(e) {
            console.error(e);
          }
        });
        return continueLoop;
      });

      return dirty;
    };

// digest循环的外循环，保持循环直到没有脏值为止
    Scope.prototype.$digest = function() {
      var ttl = TTL;
      var dirty;
      this.$root.$$lastDirtyWatch = null;

      this.$beginPhase('$digest');

      if(this.$root.$$applyAsyncId) {
        clearTimeout(this.$root.$$applyAsyncId);
        this.$$flushApplyAsync();
      }

      do {
        while (this.$$asyncQueue.length) {
          try {
            var asyncTask = this.$$asyncQueue.shift();
            asyncTask.scope.$eval(asyncTask.expression);
          } catch(e) {
            console.error(e);
          }
        }

        dirty = this.$$digestOnce();

        if((dirty || this.$$asyncQueue.length) && !(ttl--)) {
          this.$clearPhase();
          throw TTL + ' digest iterations reached';
        }
      } while (dirty || this.$$asyncQueue.length);
      this.$clearPhase();

      while(this.$$postDigestQueue.length) {
        try {
          this.$$postDigestQueue.shift()();
        } catch(e) {
          console.error(e);
        }
      }
    };

 Scope.prototype.$eval = function(expr, locals) {
   return $parse(expr)(this, locals);
 };

Scope.prototype.$apply = function(expr) {
  try {
    this.$beginPhase('$apply');
    return this.$eval(expr);
  } finally {
    this.$clearPhase();
    this.$root.$digest();
  }
};

Scope.prototype.$evalAsync = function(expr) {
  var self = this;
  if(!self.$$phase && !self.$$asyncQueue.length) {
    setTimeout(function() {
      if(self.$$asyncQueue.length) {
        self.$root.$digest();
      }
    }, 0);
  }

  this.$$asyncQueue.push({
    scope: this,
    expression: expr
  });
};

while (this.$$asyncQueue.length) {
  try {
    var asyncTask = this.$$asyncQueue.shift();
    asyncTask.scope.$eval(asyncTask.expression);
  } catch(e) {
    console.error(e);
  }
}

/* 这个方法用于 知道需要在短时间内多次使用$apply的情况，
  能够对短时间内多次$digest循环进行合并，
  是针对$digest循环的优化策略
  */
Scope.prototype.$applyAsync = function(expr) {
  var self = this;
  self.$$applyAsyncQueue.push(function() {
    self.$eval(expr);
  });

  if(self.$root.$$applyAsyncId === null) {
    self.$root.$$applyAsyncId = setTimeout(function() {
      self.$apply(_.bind(self.$$flushApplyAsync, self));
    }, 0);
  }
};

/* $$postDigest 用于在下一次digest循环后执行函数队列 
   不同于applyAsync 和 evalAsync, 它不触发digest循环
   */
 Scope.prototype.$$postDigest = function(fn) {
   this.$$postDigestQueue.push(fn);
 };