public final class ServiceManager { 
  ...... 
  private static IServiceManager sServiceManager; 
  ...... 
  private static IServiceManager getIServiceManager() { 
    if (sServiceManager != null) { 
      return sServiceManager; 
    } 
 
    // Find the service manager 
    sServiceManager = ServiceManagerNative.asInterface(BinderInternal.getContextObject()); 
    return sServiceManager; 
  } 
  ...... 
} 

public class BinderInternal { 
  ...... 
  /** 
  * Return the global "context object" of the system. This is usually 
  * an implementation of IServiceManager, which you can use to find 
  * other services. 
  */ 
  public static final native IBinder getContextObject(); 
   
  ...... 
} 

static jobject android_os_BinderInternal_getContextObject(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz) 
{ 
  sp<IBinder> b = ProcessState::self()->getContextObject(NULL); 
  return javaObjectForIBinder(env, b); 
} 

jobject javaObjectForIBinder(JNIEnv* env, const sp<IBinder>& val) 
{ 
  if (val == NULL) return NULL; 
 
  if (val->checkSubclass(&gBinderOffsets)) { 
    // One of our own! 
    jobject object = static_cast<JavaBBinder*>(val.get())->object(); 
    //printf("objectForBinder %p: it's our own %p!\n", val.get(), object); 
    return object; 
  } 
 
  // For the rest of the function we will hold this lock, to serialize 
  // looking/creation of Java proxies for native Binder proxies. 
  AutoMutex _l(mProxyLock); 
 
  // Someone else's... do we know about it? 
  jobject object = (jobject)val->findObject(&gBinderProxyOffsets); 
  if (object != NULL) { 
    jobject res = env->CallObjectMethod(object, gWeakReferenceOffsets.mGet); 
    if (res != NULL) { 
      LOGV("objectForBinder %p: found existing %p!\n", val.get(), res); 
      return res; 
    } 
    LOGV("Proxy object %p of IBinder %p no longer in working set!!!", object, val.get()); 
    android_atomic_dec(&gNumProxyRefs); 
    val->detachObject(&gBinderProxyOffsets); 
    env->DeleteGlobalRef(object); 
  } 
 
  object = env->NewObject(gBinderProxyOffsets.mClass, gBinderProxyOffsets.mConstructor); 
  if (object != NULL) { 
    LOGV("objectForBinder %p: created new %p!\n", val.get(), object); 
    // The proxy holds a reference to the native object. 
    env->SetIntField(object, gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject, (int)val.get()); 
    val->incStrong(object); 
 
    // The native object needs to hold a weak reference back to the 
    // proxy, so we can retrieve the same proxy if it is still active. 
    jobject refObject = env->NewGlobalRef( 
        env->GetObjectField(object, gBinderProxyOffsets.mSelf)); 
    val->attachObject(&gBinderProxyOffsets, refObject, 
        jnienv_to_javavm(env), proxy_cleanup); 
 
    // Note that a new object reference has been created. 
    android_atomic_inc(&gNumProxyRefs); 
    incRefsCreated(env); 
  } 
 
  return object; 
} 

static struct bindernative_offsets_t 
{ 
  // Class state. 
  jclass mClass; 
  jmethodID mExecTransact; 
 
  // Object state. 
  jfieldID mObject; 
 
} gBinderOffsets; 

const char* const kBinderPathName = "android/os/Binder"; 
 
static int int_register_android_os_Binder(JNIEnv* env) 
{ 
  jclass clazz; 
 
  clazz = env->FindClass(kBinderPathName); 
  LOG_FATAL_IF(clazz == NULL, "Unable to find class android.os.Binder"); 
 
  gBinderOffsets.mClass = (jclass) env->NewGlobalRef(clazz); 
  gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact 
    = env->GetMethodID(clazz, "execTransact", "(IIII)Z"); 
  assert(gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact); 
 
  gBinderOffsets.mObject 
    = env->GetFieldID(clazz, "mObject", "I"); 
  assert(gBinderOffsets.mObject); 
 
  return AndroidRuntime::registerNativeMethods( 
    env, kBinderPathName, 
    gBinderMethods, NELEM(gBinderMethods)); 
} 

static struct binderproxy_offsets_t 
{ 
  // Class state. 
  jclass mClass; 
  jmethodID mConstructor; 
  jmethodID mSendDeathNotice; 
 
  // Object state. 
  jfieldID mObject; 
  jfieldID mSelf; 
 
} gBinderProxyOffsets; 

const char* const kBinderProxyPathName = "android/os/BinderProxy"; 
 
static int int_register_android_os_BinderProxy(JNIEnv* env) 
{ 
  jclass clazz; 
 
  clazz = env->FindClass("java/lang/ref/WeakReference"); 
  LOG_FATAL_IF(clazz == NULL, "Unable to find class java.lang.ref.WeakReference"); 
  gWeakReferenceOffsets.mClass = (jclass) env->NewGlobalRef(clazz); 
  gWeakReferenceOffsets.mGet 
    = env->GetMethodID(clazz, "get", "()Ljava/lang/Object;"); 
  assert(gWeakReferenceOffsets.mGet); 
 
  clazz = env->FindClass("java/lang/Error"); 
  LOG_FATAL_IF(clazz == NULL, "Unable to find class java.lang.Error"); 
  gErrorOffsets.mClass = (jclass) env->NewGlobalRef(clazz); 
   
  clazz = env->FindClass(kBinderProxyPathName); 
  LOG_FATAL_IF(clazz == NULL, "Unable to find class android.os.BinderProxy"); 
 
  gBinderProxyOffsets.mClass = (jclass) env->NewGlobalRef(clazz); 
  gBinderProxyOffsets.mConstructor 
    = env->GetMethodID(clazz, "<init>", "()V"); 
  assert(gBinderProxyOffsets.mConstructor); 
  gBinderProxyOffsets.mSendDeathNotice 
    = env->GetStaticMethodID(clazz, "sendDeathNotice", "(Landroid/os/IBinder$DeathRecipient;)V"); 
  assert(gBinderProxyOffsets.mSendDeathNotice); 
 
  gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject 
    = env->GetFieldID(clazz, "mObject", "I"); 
  assert(gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject); 
  gBinderProxyOffsets.mSelf 
    = env->GetFieldID(clazz, "mSelf", "Ljava/lang/ref/WeakReference;"); 
  assert(gBinderProxyOffsets.mSelf); 
 
  return AndroidRuntime::registerNativeMethods( 
    env, kBinderProxyPathName, 
    gBinderProxyMethods, NELEM(gBinderProxyMethods)); 
} 

if (val->checkSubclass(&gBinderOffsets)) { 
  // One of our own! 
  jobject object = static_cast<JavaBBinder*>(val.get())->object(); 
  //printf("objectForBinder %p: it's our own %p!\n", val.get(), object); 
  return object; 
} 

public abstract class ServiceManagerNative ...... 
{ 
  ...... 
  static public IServiceManager asInterface(IBinder obj) 
  { 
    if (obj == null) { 
      return null; 
    } 
    IServiceManager in = 
      (IServiceManager)obj.queryLocalInterface(descriptor); 
    if (in != null) { 
      return in; 
    } 
 
    return new ServiceManagerProxy(obj); 
  } 
  ...... 
} 

package android.os; 
 
interface IHelloService 
{ 
  void setVal(int val); 
  int getVal(); 
} 

/* 
 * This file is auto-generated. DO NOT MODIFY. 
 * Original file: frameworks/base/core/java/android/os/IHelloService.aidl 
 */ 
package android.os; 
public interface IHelloService extends android.os.IInterface 
{ 
  /** Local-side IPC implementation stub class. */ 
  public static abstract class Stub extends android.os.Binder implements android.os.IHelloService 
  { 
    private static final java.lang.String DESCRIPTOR = "android.os.IHelloService"; 
    /** Construct the stub at attach it to the interface. */ 
    public Stub() 
    { 
      this.attachInterface(this, DESCRIPTOR); 
    } 
 
    /** 
    * Cast an IBinder object into an android.os.IHelloService interface, 
    * generating a proxy if needed. 
    */ 
    public static android.os.IHelloService asInterface(android.os.IBinder obj) 
    { 
      if ((obj==null)) { 
        return null; 
      } 
      android.os.IInterface iin = (android.os.IInterface)obj.queryLocalInterface(DESCRIPTOR); 
      if (((iin!=null)&&(iin instanceof android.os.IHelloService))) { 
        return ((android.os.IHelloService)iin); 
      } 
      return new android.os.IHelloService.Stub.Proxy(obj); 
    } 
 
    public android.os.IBinder asBinder() 
    { 
      return this; 
    } 
 
    @Override  
    public boolean onTransact(int code, android.os.Parcel data, android.os.Parcel reply, int flags) throws android.os.RemoteException 
    { 
      switch (code) 
      { 
        case INTERFACE_TRANSACTION: 
        { 
          reply.writeString(DESCRIPTOR); 
          return true; 
        } 
        case TRANSACTION_setVal: 
        { 
          data.enforceInterface(DESCRIPTOR); 
          int _arg0; 
          _arg0 = data.readInt(); 
          this.setVal(_arg0); 
          reply.writeNoException(); 
          return true; 
        } 
        case TRANSACTION_getVal: 
        { 
          data.enforceInterface(DESCRIPTOR); 
          int _result = this.getVal(); 
          reply.writeNoException(); 
          reply.writeInt(_result); 
          return true; 
        } 
      } 
      return super.onTransact(code, data, reply, flags); 
    } 
 
    private static class Proxy implements android.os.IHelloService 
    { 
      private android.os.IBinder mRemote; 
 
      Proxy(android.os.IBinder remote) 
      { 
        mRemote = remote; 
      } 
 
      public android.os.IBinder asBinder() 
      { 
        return mRemote; 
      } 
 
      public java.lang.String getInterfaceDescriptor() 
      { 
        return DESCRIPTOR; 
      } 
 
      public void setVal(int val) throws android.os.RemoteException 
      { 
        android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain(); 
        android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain(); 
        try { 
          _data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR); 
          _data.writeInt(val); 
          mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_setVal, _data, _reply, 0); 
          _reply.readException(); 
        } 
        finally { 
          _reply.recycle(); 
          _data.recycle(); 
        } 
      } 
 
      public int getVal() throws android.os.RemoteException 
      { 
        android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain(); 
        android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain(); 
        int _result; 
        try { 
          _data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR); 
          mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_getVal, _data, _reply, 0); 
          _reply.readException(); 
          _result = _reply.readInt(); 
        } 
        finally { 
          _reply.recycle(); 
          _data.recycle(); 
        } 
        return _result; 
      } 
    } 
 
    static final int TRANSACTION_setVal = (android.os.IBinder.FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 0); 
    static final int TRANSACTION_getVal = (android.os.IBinder.FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 1); 
  } 
 
  public void setVal(int val) throws android.os.RemoteException; 
  public int getVal() throws android.os.RemoteException; 
} 

package com.android.server; 
 
import android.content.Context; 
import android.os.IHelloService; 
import android.util.Slog; 
 
public class HelloService extends IHelloService.Stub { 
  private static final String TAG = "HelloService"; 
 
  HelloService() { 
    init_native(); 
  } 
 
  public void setVal(int val) { 
    setVal_native(val); 
  }   
 
  public int getVal() { 
    return getVal_native(); 
  } 
   
  private static native boolean init_native(); 
    private static native void setVal_native(int val); 
  private static native int getVal_native(); 
} 

class ServerThread extends Thread { 
  ...... 
 
  @Override 
  public void run() { 
 
    ...... 
 
    Looper.prepare(); 
 
    ...... 
 
    try { 
      Slog.i(TAG, "Hello Service"); 
      ServiceManager.addService("hello", new HelloService()); 
    } catch (Throwable e) { 
      Slog.e(TAG, "Failure starting Hello Service", e); 
    } 
 
    ...... 
 
    Looper.loop(); 
 
    ...... 
  } 
} 
 
...... 
 
public class SystemServer 
{ 
  ...... 
 
  /** 
  * This method is called from Zygote to initialize the system. This will cause the native 
  * services (SurfaceFlinger, AudioFlinger, etc..) to be started. After that it will call back 
  * up into init2() to start the Android services. 
  */ 
  native public static void init1(String[] args); 
 
  ...... 
 
  public static final void init2() { 
    Slog.i(TAG, "Entered the Android system server!"); 
    Thread thr = new ServerThread(); 
    thr.setName("android.server.ServerThread"); 
    thr.start(); 
  } 
  ...... 
} 

try { 
  Slog.i(TAG, "Hello Service"); 
  ServiceManager.addService("hello", new HelloService()); 
} catch (Throwable e) { 
  Slog.e(TAG, "Failure starting Hello Service", e); 
} 

public class Binder implements IBinder { 
  ...... 
   
  private int mObject; 
   
  ...... 
 
 
  public Binder() { 
    init(); 
    ...... 
  } 
 
 
  private native final void init(); 
 
 
  ...... 
} 

static void android_os_Binder_init(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz) 
{ 
  JavaBBinderHolder* jbh = new JavaBBinderHolder(env, clazz); 
  if (jbh == NULL) { 
    jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/OutOfMemoryError", NULL); 
    return; 
  } 
  LOGV("Java Binder %p: acquiring first ref on holder %p", clazz, jbh); 
  jbh->incStrong(clazz); 
  env->SetIntField(clazz, gBinderOffsets.mObject, (int)jbh); 
} 

public final class ServiceManager { 
  ...... 
 
  private static IServiceManager sServiceManager; 
 
  ...... 
 
  public static void addService(String name, IBinder service) { 
    try { 
      getIServiceManager().addService(name, service); 
    } catch (RemoteException e) { 
      Log.e(TAG, "error in addService", e); 
    } 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
} 

class ServiceManagerProxy implements IServiceManager { 
  public ServiceManagerProxy(IBinder remote) { 
    mRemote = remote; 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  public void addService(String name, IBinder service) 
    throws RemoteException { 
      Parcel data = Parcel.obtain(); 
      Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain(); 
      data.writeInterfaceToken(IServiceManager.descriptor); 
      data.writeString(name); 
      data.writeStrongBinder(service); 
      mRemote.transact(ADD_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0); 
      reply.recycle(); 
      data.recycle(); 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  private IBinder mRemote; 
} 

public final class Parcel { 
  ...... 
 
  /** 
  * Write an object into the parcel at the current dataPosition(), 
  * growing dataCapacity() if needed. 
  */ 
  public final native void writeStrongBinder(IBinder val); 
 
  ...... 
} 

static void android_os_Parcel_writeStrongBinder(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jobject object) 
{ 
  Parcel* parcel = parcelForJavaObject(env, clazz); 
  if (parcel != NULL) { 
    const status_t err = parcel->writeStrongBinder(ibinderForJavaObject(env, object)); 
    if (err != NO_ERROR) { 
      jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/OutOfMemoryError", NULL); 
    } 
  } 
} 

sp<IBinder> ibinderForJavaObject(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj) 
{ 
  if (obj == NULL) return NULL; 
 
  if (env->IsInstanceOf(obj, gBinderOffsets.mClass)) { 
    JavaBBinderHolder* jbh = (JavaBBinderHolder*) 
      env->GetIntField(obj, gBinderOffsets.mObject); 
    return jbh != NULL ? jbh->get(env) : NULL; 
  } 
 
  if (env->IsInstanceOf(obj, gBinderProxyOffsets.mClass)) { 
    return (IBinder*) 
      env->GetIntField(obj, gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject); 
  } 
 
  LOGW("ibinderForJavaObject: %p is not a Binder object", obj); 
  return NULL; 
} 

class JavaBBinderHolder : public RefBase 
{ 
  ...... 
 
  JavaBBinderHolder(JNIEnv* env, jobject object) 
    : mObject(object) 
  { 
    ...... 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  sp<JavaBBinder> get(JNIEnv* env) 
  { 
    AutoMutex _l(mLock); 
    sp<JavaBBinder> b = mBinder.promote(); 
    if (b == NULL) { 
      b = new JavaBBinder(env, mObject); 
      mBinder = b; 
      ...... 
    } 
 
    return b; 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  jobject     mObject; 
  wp<JavaBBinder> mBinder; 
}; 

final class BinderProxy implements IBinder { 
  ...... 
 
  public native boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, 
                int flags) throws RemoteException; 
 
  ...... 
} 

static jboolean android_os_BinderProxy_transact(JNIEnv* env, jobject obj, 
            jint code, jobject dataObj, 
            jobject replyObj, jint flags) 
{ 
  ...... 
 
  Parcel* data = parcelForJavaObject(env, dataObj); 
  if (data == NULL) { 
    return JNI_FALSE; 
  } 
  Parcel* reply = parcelForJavaObject(env, replyObj); 
  if (reply == NULL && replyObj != NULL) { 
    return JNI_FALSE; 
  } 
 
  IBinder* target = (IBinder*) 
    env->GetIntField(obj, gBinderProxyOffsets.mObject); 
  if (target == NULL) { 
    jniThrowException(env, "java/lang/IllegalStateException", "Binder has been finalized!"); 
    return JNI_FALSE; 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  status_t err = target->transact(code, *data, reply, flags); 
 
  ...... 
 
  if (err == NO_ERROR) { 
    return JNI_TRUE; 
  } else if (err == UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION) { 
    return JNI_FALSE; 
  } 
 
  signalExceptionForError(env, obj, err); 
  return JNI_FALSE; 
} 

public class Hello extends Activity implements OnClickListener {  
  ......  
 
  private IHelloService helloService = null;  
 
  ...... 
 
  @Override  
  public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {  
 
    helloService = IHelloService.Stub.asInterface(  
              ServiceManager.getService("hello")); 
  } 
 
  ...... 
} 

class ServiceManagerProxy implements IServiceManager { 
  public ServiceManagerProxy(IBinder remote) { 
    mRemote = remote; 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  public IBinder getService(String name) throws RemoteException { 
    Parcel data = Parcel.obtain(); 
    Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain(); 
    data.writeInterfaceToken(IServiceManager.descriptor); 
    data.writeString(name); 
    mRemote.transact(GET_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0); 
    IBinder binder = reply.readStrongBinder(); 
    reply.recycle(); 
    data.recycle(); 
    return binder; 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  private IBinder mRemote; 
} 

public final class Parcel { 
  ...... 
 
  /** 
  * Read an object from the parcel at the current dataPosition(). 
  */ 
  public final native IBinder readStrongBinder(); 
 
  ...... 
} 

static jobject android_os_Parcel_readStrongBinder(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz) 
{ 
  Parcel* parcel = parcelForJavaObject(env, clazz); 
  if (parcel != NULL) { 
    return javaObjectForIBinder(env, parcel->readStrongBinder()); 
  } 
  return NULL; 
} 

public interface IHelloService extends android.os.IInterface 
{ 
  /** Local-side IPC implementation stub class. */ 
  public static abstract class Stub extends android.os.Binder implements android.os.IHelloService 
  { 
    ...... 
 
    public static android.os.IHelloService asInterface(android.os.IBinder obj) 
    { 
      if ((obj==null)) { 
        return null; 
      } 
      android.os.IInterface iin = (android.os.IInterface)obj.queryLocalInterface(DESCRIPTOR); 
      if (((iin!=null)&&(iin instanceof android.os.IHelloService))) { 
        return ((android.os.IHelloService)iin); 
      } 
      return new android.os.IHelloService.Stub.Proxy(obj); 
    } 
 
    ...... 
  } 
} 

public class Hello extends Activity implements OnClickListener { 
  ...... 
 
  @Override 
  public void onClick(View v) { 
    if(v.equals(readButton)) { 
      int val = helloService.getVal();  
      ...... 
    } 
    else if(v.equals(writeButton)) { 
      ...... 
    } 
    else if(v.equals(clearButton)) { 
      ...... 
    } 
  } 
 
  ...... 
} 

public interface IHelloService extends android.os.IInterface 
{ 
  /** Local-side IPC implementation stub class. */ 
  public static abstract class Stub extends android.os.Binder implements android.os.IHelloService 
  { 
     
    ...... 
 
    private static class Proxy implements android.os.IHelloService 
    { 
      private android.os.IBinder mRemote; 
 
      ...... 
 
      public int getVal() throws android.os.RemoteException 
      { 
        android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain(); 
        android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain(); 
        int _result; 
        try { 
          _data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR); 
          mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_getVal, _data, _reply, 0); 
          _reply.readException(); 
          _result = _reply.readInt(); 
        } 
        finally { 
          _reply.recycle(); 
          _data.recycle(); 
        } 
        return _result; 
      } 
    } 
 
    ...... 
    static final int TRANSACTION_getVal = (android.os.IBinder.FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 1); 
  } 
 
  ...... 
} 

class JavaBBinder : public BBinder 
{ 
  JavaBBinder(JNIEnv* env, jobject object) 
    : mVM(jnienv_to_javavm(env)), mObject(env->NewGlobalRef(object)) 
  { 
    ...... 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
  virtual status_t onTransact( 
    uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags = 0) 
  { 
    JNIEnv* env = javavm_to_jnienv(mVM); 
 
    ...... 
 
    jboolean res = env->CallBooleanMethod(mObject, gBinderOffsets.mExecTransact, 
      code, (int32_t)&data, (int32_t)reply, flags); 
 
    ...... 
 
    return res != JNI_FALSE ? NO_ERROR : UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION; 
  } 
 
  ...... 
 
    JavaVM* const  mVM; 
  jobject const  mObject; 
}; 

public class Binder implements IBinder { 
  ...... 
 
  // Entry point from android_util_Binder.cpp's onTransact 
  private boolean execTransact(int code, int dataObj, int replyObj, int flags) { 
    Parcel data = Parcel.obtain(dataObj); 
    Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain(replyObj); 
    // theoretically, we should call transact, which will call onTransact, 
    // but all that does is rewind it, and we just got these from an IPC, 
    // so we'll just call it directly. 
    boolean res; 
    try { 
      res = onTransact(code, data, reply, flags); 
    } catch (RemoteException e) { 
      reply.writeException(e); 
      res = true; 
    } catch (RuntimeException e) { 
      reply.writeException(e); 
      res = true; 
    } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) { 
      RuntimeException re = new RuntimeException("Out of memory", e); 
      reply.writeException(re); 
      res = true; 
    } 
    reply.recycle(); 
    data.recycle(); 
    return res; 
  } 
} 

public interface IHelloService extends android.os.IInterface 
{ 
  /** Local-side IPC implementation stub class. */ 
  public static abstract class Stub extends android.os.Binder implements android.os.IHelloService 
  { 
    ...... 
 
    @Override  
    public boolean onTransact(int code, android.os.Parcel data, android.os.Parcel reply, int flags) throws android.os.RemoteException 
    { 
      switch (code) 
      { 
      ...... 
      case TRANSACTION_getVal: 
        { 
          data.enforceInterface(DESCRIPTOR); 
          int _result = this.getVal(); 
          reply.writeNoException(); 
          reply.writeInt(_result); 
          return true; 
        } 
      } 
      return super.onTransact(code, data, reply, flags); 
    } 
 
    ...... 
 
  } 
} 

public class HelloService extends IHelloService.Stub { 
  ...... 
 
  public int getVal() { 
    return getVal_native(); 
  } 
   
  ...... 
  private static native int getVal_native(); 
}