require 'rack'

app = lambda{|env|[200,{},["hello from rack"]]}
Rack::Handler::WEBrick.run app

class Decorator
 def initialize(app)
  @app = app
 end
 def call(env)
  status, headers, body = @app.call(env)
  new_body = "from middleware input <br/>"
  body.each{|str| new_body << str}
  headers['Content-Length'] = new_body.bytesize.to_s
  [status, headers, [new_body]]
 end
end

app = lambda{|env|[200,{},["hello from rack"]]}
Rack::Handler::WEBrick.run Decorator.new(app)

require 'decorator'

app = Rack::Builder.new{
 use Rack::ContentLength
 use Decorator
 run lambda {|env| [200, {"Content-Type"=>"text/html"}, ["hello world"]]}
}.to_app
Rack::Handler::WEBrick.run app

app = Rack::Builder.new {
 map '/hello' do
run lambda {|env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["hello"]] } end
map '/world' do
run lambda {|env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["world"]] }
end
map '/' do
run lambda {|env| [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/html"}, ["all"]] } end
}.to_app
Rack::Handler::WEBrick.run app, :Port => 3000

require 'rack'
app = lambda{|env| [200,{},["hello world"]] }
Rack::Server.new.server.run app
ruby xxx.rb

#test.ru
run lambda{|env| [ 200,{},["rackup start"] ]}
rackup test.ru

def logging_middleware
    lambda { |server|
     server.server.name =~ /CGI/ || server.options[:quiet] ? nil : [Rack::CommonLogger, $stderr]
    }
   end

    m = Hash.new {|h,k| h[k] = []}
    m["deployment"] = [
     [Rack::ContentLength],
     [Rack::Chunked],
     logging_middleware,
     [Rack::TempfileReaper]
    ]
    m["development"] = [
     [Rack::ContentLength],
     [Rack::Chunked],
     logging_middleware,
     [Rack::ShowExceptions],
     [Rack::Lint],
     [Rack::TempfileReaper]
    ]

    m
   end

#test.ru
run Rack::Directory.new "~/"
rackup test.ru

** **rake middleware
use Rack::Sendfile
use ActionDispatch::Static
use Rack::Lock
use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x007feef1563b90>
use Rack::Runtime
use Rack::MethodOverride
use ActionDispatch::RequestId
use Rails::Rack::Logger
use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
use WebConsole::Middleware
use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
use ActionDispatch::RemoteIp
use ActionDispatch::Reloader
use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
use ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending
use ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionManagement
use ActiveRecord::QueryCache
use ActionDispatch::Cookies
use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
use ActionDispatch::Flash
use ActionDispatch::ParamsParser
use Rack::Head
use Rack::ConditionalGet
use Rack::ETag
run Fool::Application.routes

2.2.1 :001 > QuestionsController.action(:new)
 => #<Proc:0x007fbe482ee0b0@/Users/killman/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.2.1/gems/actionpack-4.2.1/lib/action_controller/metal.rb:237 (lambda)>

config.middleware.use(new_middleware, args)＃：把新中间件添加到列表末尾；
config.middleware.insert_before(existing_middleware,
 new_middleware, args)#：在 existing_middleware

config.middleware.insert_after(existing_middleware,
 new_middleware, args)#：在 existing_middleware

config.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, Lifo::ShowExceptions #替换中间件
config.middleware.delete "Rack::Lock"#删除中间件