//浅拷贝 
class String { 
public: 
  String(const char* s = "") 
  { 
    if (NULL == s) { 
      _pStr = new char[1]; 
      *_pStr = '\0'; 
    } 
    else { 
      _pStr = new char[strlen(s) + 1]; 
      strcpy(_pStr, s); 
    } 
  } 
  String(const String& s) 
  { 
    _pStr = s._pStr; 
  } 
  String& operator=(const String& s) 
  { 
    if (this != &s) { 
      _pStr = s._pStr; 
    } 
    return *this; 
  } 
  ~String() 
  { 
    if (NULL != _pStr) { 
      delete[] _pStr; 
      _pStr = NULL; 
    } 
  } 
 
private: 
  char* _pStr; 
}; 

//深拷贝 
class String { 
public: 
  String(const char* s = "") 
  { 
    if (NULL == s) { 
      _pStr = new char[1]; 
      *_pStr = '\0'; 
    } 
    else { 
      _pStr = new char[strlen(s) + 1]; 
      strcpy(_pStr, s); 
    } 
  } 
  String(const String& s) : _pStr(new char[strlen(s._pStr) + 1]) 
  { 
    strcpy(_pStr, s._pStr); 
  } 
  String& operator=(const String& s) 
  { 
    if (this != &s) { //先申请空间将s的内容拷贝到一个临时变量再去释放原有的空间 
      char* temp = new char[strlen(s._pStr) + 1];//防止申请空间失败连原有的空间都没了 
      strcpy(temp, s._pStr); 
      delete[] _pStr; 
      _pStr = NULL; 
      _pStr = temp; 
    } 
    return *this; 
  } 
  ~String() 
  { 
    if (NULL != _pStr) { 
      delete[] _pStr; 
      _pStr = NULL; 
    } 
  } 
private: 
  char* _pStr; 
}; 

//浅拷贝优化--带有计数版本的String类，用指针指向计数的空间 
class String { 
public: 
  String(const char* s = "") : _pCount(new int(1)) 
  { 
    if (NULL == s) { 
      _pStr = new char[1]; 
      *_pStr = '\0'; 
    } 
    else { 
      _pStr = new char[strlen(s) + 1]; 
      strcpy(_pStr, s); 
    } 
  } 
  String(const String& s) 
  { 
    _pStr = s._pStr; 
    _pCount = s._pCount; 
    (*_pCount)++; 
  } 
  String& operator=(const String& s) 
  { 
    if (this != &s) { 
      if (--(*_pCount) == 0) { 
        delete[] _pStr; 
        delete _pCount; 
      } 
      _pStr = s._pStr; 
      _pCount = s._pCount; 
      (*_pCount)++; 
    } 
    return *this; 
  } 
  ~String() 
  { 
    if (NULL != _pStr && --(*_pCount) == 0) { 
      delete[] _pStr; 
      delete _pCount; 
    } 
    _pCount = NULL; 
    _pStr = NULL; 
  } 
 
private: 
  char* _pStr; 
  int* _pCount; 
}; 

//深拷贝的简洁写法 
class String { 
public: 
  String(const char* s = "") 
  { 
    if (NULL == s) { 
      _pStr = new char[1]; 
      *_pStr = '\0'; 
    } 
    else { 
      _pStr = new char[strlen(s) + 1]; 
      strcpy(_pStr, s); 
    } 
  } 
  String(String& s) :_pStr(NULL)//必须对_pStr初始化，防止释放随机值的空间 
  { 
    String temp(s._pStr); 
    swap(_pStr, temp._pStr); 
  } 
  String& operator=(String& s) 
  { 
    if (this != &s) {  
      swap(_pStr, s._pStr); 
    } 
    return *this; 
  } 
  ~String() 
  { 
    if (NULL != _pStr) { 
      delete[] _pStr; 
      _pStr = NULL; 
    } 
  } 
private: 
  char* _pStr; 
};