<ul>
  <li>11111</li>
  <li class="item">22222</li>
  <li>33333</li>
  <li>44444</li>
  <li>55555</li>
  <li>66666</li>
  <li>77777</li>
</ul>

$("ul>li").filter(":even").css("color","red");
//将索引为偶数的li背景变为红色

$("ul>li:even").css("color","red");
//将索引为偶数的li背景变为红色

$("ul>li").filter(":even,.item").css("color","blue");
//将索引为偶数和calss为item的li背景变为蓝色

<ul>
  <li>11111</li>
  <li class="item">22222</li>
  <li>33333</li>
  <li>44444</li>
  <li>55555</li>
  <li>66666</li>
  <li>77777</li>
</ul>
<input type="button" id="test1" value="获取索引为偶数的li">
<input type="button" id="test2" value="获取索引为偶数和calss为item的li">
<script>
$(function(){
  $("#test1").click(function(){
    $("ul>li").filter(":even").css("color","red");//将索引为偶数的li背景变为红色
    //这个式子和 $("ul>li:even").css("color","red"); 等效
  });
  $("#test2").click(function(){
    $("ul>li").filter(":even,.item").css("color","blue");//将索引为偶数和calss为item的li背景变为蓝色
  });
});
</script>

<div id="first"></div>
<div id="second"></div>
<div id="third"></div>
<div id="fourth"></div>
<div id="fifth"></div>
<div id="sixth"></div>

$("div").filter(function(index) {
  return index == 1 || $(this).attr("id") == "fourth";
}).css("border", "5px double blue");

<style>
 div{ width:60px; height:60px; margin:5px; float:left;border:3px white solid;background:#ff0000 }
</style>
<div id="first"></div>
<div id="second"></div>
<div id="third"></div>
<div id="fourth"></div>
<div id="fifth"></div>
<div id="sixth"></div>
<br><br><br><br><br><br>
<input type="button" id="test" value="点击我看看上面的div的变化">
<script>
$("#test").click(function(){
  $("div").filter(function(index) {
    return index == 1 || $(this).attr("id") == "fourth";
  }).css("border", "5px double blue");
});
</script>