var errorMessage: String? = nil
errorMessage = "Not Found"
"The message is " + errorMessage!

var errorMessage: String! = nil
errorMessage = "Not Found"
"The message is " + errorMessage

// 主要应用在类的成员变量的初始化上
class City{

  let cityName: String
  unowned var country: Country
  init( cityName: String , country: Country){
    self.cityName = cityName
    self.country = country
  }
}

class Country{

  let countryName: String
  var capitalCity: City!

  init( countryName: String , capitalCity: String ){

    self.countryName = countryName

    self.capitalCity = City(cityName: capitalCity, country: self)
  }

  func showInfo(){
    print("This is \(countryName).")
    print("The capital is \(capitalCity.cityName).")
  }
}

let china = Country(countryName: "China", capitalCity: "Beijing")
china.showInfo()