/// <summary>
/// A simple singleton class implements.
/// </summary>
public sealed class Singleton
{
  private static Singleton _instance = null;

  /// <summary>
  /// Prevents a default instance of the 
  /// <see cref="Singleton"/> class from being created.
  /// </summary>
  private Singleton()
  {
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the instance.
  /// </summary>
  public static Singleton Instance
  {
    get { return _instance ?? (_instance = new Singleton()); }
  }
}

 /// <summary>
/// A thread-safe singleton class.
/// </summary>
public sealed class Singleton
{
  private static Singleton _instance = null;
  private static readonly object SynObject = new object();

  Singleton()
  {
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the instance.
  /// </summary>
  public static Singleton Instance
  {
    get
    {
      // Syn operation.
      lock (SynObject)
      {
        return _instance ?? (_instance = new Singleton());
      }
    }
  }
}

 /// <summary>
/// Double-Checked Locking implements a thread-safe singleton class
/// </summary>
public sealed class Singleton
{
  private static Singleton _instance = null;
  // Creates an syn object.
  private static readonly object SynObject = new object();

  Singleton()
  {
  }

  public static Singleton Instance
  {
    get
    {
      // Double-Checked Locking
      if (null == _instance)
      {
        lock (SynObject)
        {
          if (null == _instance)
          {
            _instance = new Singleton();
          }
        }
      }
      return _instance;
    }
  }
}

 /// <summary>
/// Defines a test class.
/// </summary>
class Test
{
  public static string x = EchoAndReturn("In type initializer");

  public static string EchoAndReturn(string s)
  {
    Console.WriteLine(s);
    return s;
  }
}

class Test
{
  public static string x = EchoAndReturn("In type initializer");

  // Defines a parameterless constructor.
  static Test()
  {
  }

  public static string EchoAndReturn(string s)
  {
    Console.WriteLine(s);
    return s;
  }
}

 class Test
{
  public static string x = EchoAndReturn("In type initializer");

  static Test()
  {
  }

  public static string EchoAndReturn(string s)
  {
    Console.WriteLine(s);
    return s;
  }
}

class Driver
{
  public static void Main()
  {
    Console.WriteLine("Starting Main");
    // Invoke a static method on Test
    Test.EchoAndReturn("Echo!");
    Console.WriteLine("After echo");
    Console.ReadLine();

    // The output result:
    // Starting Main
    // In type initializer
    // Echo!
    // After echo      
  }
}

public static void Main()
{
  Console.WriteLine("Starting Main");
  // Invoke a static method on Test
  Test.EchoAndReturn("Echo!");
  Console.WriteLine("After echo");

  //Reference a static field in Test
  string y = Test.x;
  //Use the value just to avoid compiler cleverness
  if (y != null)
  {
    Console.WriteLine("After field access");
  }
  Console.ReadKey();

  // The output result:
  // In type initializer
  // Starting Main
  // Echo!
  // After echo
  // After field access

}

 class Test
{
  public static string x = EchoAndReturn("In type initializer");

  static Test()
  {
  }

  public static string EchoAndReturn(string s)
  {
    Console.WriteLine(s);
    return s;
  }
}
 

public sealed class Singleton
{
  private static readonly Singleton _instance = new Singleton();

  // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler
  // not to mark type as beforefieldinit
  static Singleton()
  {
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Prevents a default instance of the 
  /// <see cref="Singleton"/> class from being created.
  /// </summary>
  private Singleton()
  {
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the instance.
  /// </summary>
  public static Singleton Instance
  {
    get
    {
      return _instance;
    }
  }
}

 /// <summary>
/// Delaies initialization.
/// </summary>
public sealed class Singleton
{
  private Singleton()
  {
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the instance.
  /// </summary>
  public static Singleton Instance { get { return Nested._instance; } }

  private class Nested
  {
    // Explicit static constructor to tell C# compiler
    // not to mark type as beforefieldinit
    static Nested()
    {
    }

    internal static readonly Singleton _instance = new Singleton();
  }
}

 /// <summary>
/// .NET 4's Lazy<T> type
/// </summary>
public sealed class Singleton
{
  private static readonly Lazy<Singleton> lazy =
    new Lazy<Singleton>(() => new Singleton());

  public static Singleton Instance { get { return lazy.Value; } }

  private Singleton()
  {
  }
}

 /// <summary>
/// Represents a server machine
/// </summary>
class Server
{
  // Gets or sets server name
  public string Name { get; set; }

  // Gets or sets server IP address
  public string IP { get; set; }
}

 /// <summary>
/// The 'Singleton' class
/// </summary>
sealed class LoadBalancer
{
  private static readonly LoadBalancer _instance =
    new LoadBalancer();

  // Type-safe generic list of servers
  private List<Server> _servers;
  private Random _random = new Random();

  static LoadBalancer()
  {
  }

  // Note: constructor is 'private'
  private LoadBalancer()
  {
    // Load list of available servers
    _servers = new List<Server> 
      { 
       new Server{ Name = "ServerI", IP = "192.168.0.108" },
       new Server{ Name = "ServerII", IP = "192.168.0.109" },
       new Server{ Name = "ServerIII", IP = "192.168.0.110" },
       new Server{ Name = "ServerIV", IP = "192.168.0.111" },
       new Server{ Name = "ServerV", IP = "192.168.0.112" },
      };
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Gets the instance through static initialization.
  /// </summary>
  public static LoadBalancer Instance
  {
    get { return _instance; }
  }


  // Simple, but effective load balancer
  public Server NextServer
  {
    get
    {
      int r = _random.Next(_servers.Count);
      return _servers[r];
    }
  }
}

 static void Main()
{
  LoadBalancer b1 = LoadBalancer.Instance;
  b1.GetHashCode();
  LoadBalancer b2 = LoadBalancer.Instance;
  LoadBalancer b3 = LoadBalancer.Instance;
  LoadBalancer b4 = LoadBalancer.Instance;

  // Confirm these are the same instance
  if (b1 == b2 && b2 == b3 && b3 == b4)
  {
    Console.WriteLine("Same instance\n");
  }

  // Next, load balance 15 requests for a server
  LoadBalancer balancer = LoadBalancer.Instance;
  for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
  {
    string serverName = balancer.NextServer.Name;
    Console.WriteLine("Dispatch request to: " + serverName);
  }

  Console.ReadKey();
}