class Animal {
 String name;
 Animal(String name) {this.name = name;}
}

class Cat extends Animal {
 String eyecolor;
 Cat(String name,String color) {super(name); this.eyecolor = color;}
}

class Dog extends Animal {
 String furcolor;
 Dog(String name,String color) {super(name); this.furcolor = color;}
}

public class OCast {
 public static void main(String [] args) {
 Animal a = new Animal("animal");
 Cat c = new Cat("cat","blue");
 Dog d = new Dog("dog","black");

 System.out.println( a instanceof Animal);//return true
 System.out.println( c instanceof Animal);//return true
 System.out.println( d instanceof Animal);//return true
 System.out.println( a instanceof Cat); //return false

 System.out.println(a.name); //return animal
 a = new Dog("yellowdog","yellow"); //object Dog upcast to Animal
 System.out.println(a.name);  //return yellowdog
 System.out.println(a instanceof Animal); //return true
 System.out.println(a instanceof Dog); //return true
 //System.out.println(a.furcolor); //error! because a was regarded as Animal
 Dog d1 = (Dog)a; // because "a instanceof Dog" is true,so force cast Animal a to Dog
 System.out.println(d1.furcolor);  //return yellow
 }
}

class Animal {
 String name;
 Animal(String name) {
 this.name = name;
 }
}

class Cat extends Animal {Cat(String name) {super(name);}}
class Dog extends Animal {Dog(String name) {super(name);}}

public class TestCast {
 public static void main(String [] args) {
 TestCast t = new TestCast(); 
 Animal a = new Animal("animal");
 Animal c = new Cat("cat");
 Animal d = new Dog("dog");
 t.sing(a);t.sing(c);t.sing(d);
 }

 void sing(Animal a) {
 if ( a instanceof Cat) {
  Cat cat = (Cat)a;
  System.out.println("cat is singing");
 } else if(a instanceof Dog) {
  Dog dog = (Dog)a;
  System.out.println("dog is singing");
 } else {
  System.out.println("not an instance of animal");
 }
 }
}

void sing(Animal a) {
 if ( a instanceof Cat) {
 Cat cat = (Cat)a;
 System.out.println("cat is singing");
 } else if(a instanceof Dog) {
 Dog dog = (Dog)a;
 System.out.println("dog is singing");
 } else {
 System.out.println("not an instance of animal");
 }
}

class Animal {
 private String name;
 Animal(String name) {this.name = name;}

 public void sing(){System.out.println("animal sing...");}
}

class Cat extends Animal {
 private String eyeColor;
 Cat(String n,String c) {super(n); eyeColor = c;}

 public void sing() {System.out.println("cat sing...");}
}

class Dog extends Animal {
 private String furColor;
 Dog(String n,String c) {super(n); furColor = c;}

 public void sing() {System.out.println("dog sing...");}
}

class Lady {
 private String name;
 private Animal pet;
 Lady(String name,Animal pet) {this.name = name; this.pet = pet;}
 public void myPetSing(){pet.sing();}
}

public class DuoTai {
 public static void main(String args[]){
 Cat c = new Cat("catname","blue");
 Dog d = new Dog("dogname","black");
 Lady l1 = new Lady("l1",c);
 Lady l2 = new Lady("l2",d);
 l1.myPetSing();
 l2.myPetSing();
 }
}

cat sing...
dog sing...

Lady(String name,Animal pet) {this.name = name; this.pet = pet;}
public void myPetSing(){pet.sing();}

class Animal {public void sing(A);}
class Dog extends Animal {public void sing(B);}

public class Test {
 Animal a = new Dog(); //父类引用变量a指向子对象Dog，此时将向上转型
 a.sing();  //使用父类引用变量a引用被重写的方法sing()，执行时将动态绑定到Dog的sing()
}