>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> s = [('yellow', 1), ('blue', 2), ('yellow', 3), ('blue', 4), ('red', 1)]
>>> d = defaultdict(list)
>>> for k, v in s:
...  d[k].append(v)
...
>>> sorted(d.items())
[('blue', [2, 4]), ('red', [1]), ('yellow', [1, 3])]

>>> d = {}
>>> for k, v in s:
...  d.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
...
>>> sorted(d.items())
[('blue', [2, 4]), ('red', [1]), ('yellow', [1, 3])]

>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> s = [('red', 1), ('blue', 2), ('red', 3), ('blue', 4), ('red', 1), ('blue', 4)]
>>> d = defaultdict(set)
>>> for k, v in s:
...  d[k].add(v)
...
>>> sorted(d.items())
[('blue', {2, 4}), ('red', {1, 3})]

>>> # regular unsorted dictionary
>>> d = {'banana': 3, 'apple': 4, 'pear': 1, 'orange': 2}
>>> # dictionary sorted by key
>>> OrderedDict(sorted(d.items(), key=lambda t: t[0]))
OrderedDict([('apple', 4), ('banana', 3), ('orange', 2), ('pear', 1)])
>>> # dictionary sorted by value
>>> OrderedDict(sorted(d.items(), key=lambda t: t[1]))
OrderedDict([('pear', 1), ('orange', 2), ('banana', 3), ('apple', 4)])
>>> # dictionary sorted by length of the key string
>>> OrderedDict(sorted(d.items(), key=lambda t: len(t[0])))
OrderedDict([('pear', 1), ('apple', 4), ('orange', 2), ('banana', 3)])

>>> d = {'banana': 3, 'apple': 4, 'pear': 1, 'orange': 2}
>>> # dictionary sorted by key
>>> d = OrderedDict(sorted(d.items(), key=lambda t: t[0]))
>>> d
OrderedDict([('apple', 4), ('banana', 3), ('orange', 2), ('pear', 1)])
>>> d.popitem()
('pear', 1)
>>> d.popitem(last=False)
('apple', 4)

>>> d = OrderedDict.fromkeys('abcde')
>>> d
OrderedDict([('a', None), ('b', None), ('c', None), ('d', None), ('e', None)])
>>> d.move_to_end('b')
>>> d
OrderedDict([('a', None), ('c', None), ('d', None), ('e', None), ('b', None)])
>>> ''.join(d.keys())
'acdeb'
>>> d.move_to_end('b', last=False)
>>> ''.join(d.keys())
'bacde'

>>> from collections import deque
>>> dq = deque(range(10), maxlen=10)
>>> dq
deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], maxlen=10)
>>> dq.rotate(3)
>>> dq
deque([7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], maxlen=10)
>>> dq.rotate(-4)
>>> dq
deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0], maxlen=10)
>>> dq.appendleft(-1)
>>> dq
deque([-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], maxlen=10)
>>> dq.extend([11, 22, 33])
>>> dq
deque([3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 22, 33], maxlen=10)
>>> dq.extendleft([10, 20, 30, 40])
>>> dq
deque([40, 30, 20, 10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], maxlen=10)

>>> from collections import Counter
>>> ct = Counter('abracadabra')
>>> ct
Counter({'a': 5, 'r': 2, 'b': 2, 'd': 1, 'c': 1})
>>> ct.update('aaaaazzz')
>>> ct
Counter({'a': 10, 'z': 3, 'r': 2, 'b': 2, 'd': 1, 'c': 1})
>>> ct.most_common(2)
[('a', 10), ('z', 3)]
>>> ct.elements()
<itertools.chain object at 0x7fbaad4b44e0>

>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> City = namedtuple('City', 'name country population coordinates')
>>> tokyo = City('Tokyo', 'JP', 36.933, (35.689722, 139.691667))
>>> tokyo
City(name='Tokyo', country='JP', population=36.933, coordinates=(35.689722, 139.691667))
>>> tokyo.population
36.933
>>> tokyo.coordinates
(35.689722, 139.691667)
>>> tokyo[1]
'JP'

>>> City._fields
('name', 'country', 'population', 'coordinates')
>>> LatLong = namedtuple('LatLong', 'lat long')
>>> delhi_data = ('Delhi NCR', 'IN', 21.935, LatLong(28.613889, 77.208889))
>>> delhi = City._make(delhi_data)
>>> delhi._asdict()
OrderedDict([('name', 'Delhi NCR'), ('country', 'IN'), ('population', 21.935),
   ('coordinates', LatLong(lat=28.613889, long=77.208889))])
>>> for key, value in delhi._asdict().items():
  print(key + ':', value)
name: Delhi NCR
country: IN
population: 21.935
coordinates: LatLong(lat=28.613889, long=77.208889)

>>> from collections import ChainMap
>>> d = ChainMap({'zebra': 'black'}, {'elephant': 'blue'}, {'lion': 'yellow'})
>>> d['lion'] = 'orange'
>>> d['snake'] = 'red'
>>> d
ChainMap({'lion': 'orange', 'zebra': 'black', 'snake': 'red'},
   {'elephant': 'blue'}, {'lion': 'yellow'})

>>> del d['lion']
>>> del d['elephant']
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "/usr/lib/python3.5/collections/__init__.py", line 929, in __delitem__
 del self.maps[0][key]
KeyError: 'elephant'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 File "/usr/lib/python3.5/collections/__init__.py", line 931, in __delitem__
 raise KeyError('Key not found in the first mapping: {!r}'.format(key))
KeyError: "Key not found in the first mapping: 'elephant'"

class DeepChainMap(ChainMap):
 'Variant of ChainMap that allows direct updates to inner scopes'
 def __setitem__(self, key, value):
  for mapping in self.maps:
   if key in mapping:
    mapping[key] = value
    return
  self.maps[0][key] = value
 def __delitem__(self, key):
  for mapping in self.maps:
   if key in mapping:
    del mapping[key]
    return
  raise KeyError(key)
>>> d = DeepChainMap({'zebra': 'black'}, {'elephant': 'blue'}, {'lion': 'yellow'})
>>> d['lion'] = 'orange'   # update an existing key two levels down
>>> d['snake'] = 'red'   # new keys get added to the topmost dict
>>> del d['elephant']   # remove an existing key one level down
DeepChainMap({'zebra': 'black', 'snake': 'red'}, {}, {'lion': 'orange'})

>>> from collections import ChainMap
>>> a = {'a': 'A', 'c': 'C'}
>>> b = {'b': 'B', 'c': 'D'}
>>> m = ChainMap({'a': 'A', 'c': 'C'}, {'b': 'B', 'c': 'D'})
>>> m
ChainMap({'a': 'A', 'c': 'C'}, {'b': 'B', 'c': 'D'})
>>> m['c']
'C'
>>> m.maps
[{'c': 'C', 'a': 'A'}, {'c': 'D', 'b': 'B'}]
>>> a['c'] = 'E'
>>> m['c']
'E'
>>> m
ChainMap({'c': 'E', 'a': 'A'}, {'c': 'D', 'b': 'B'})

>>> m2 = m.new_child()
>>> m2['c'] = 'f'
>>> m2
ChainMap({'c': 'f'}, {'c': 'E', 'a': 'A'}, {'c': 'D', 'b': 'B'})
>>> m
ChainMap({'c': 'E', 'a': 'A'}, {'c': 'D', 'b': 'B'})
>>> m2.parents
ChainMap({'c': 'E', 'a': 'A'}, {'c': 'D', 'b': 'B'})

class StrKeyDict0(dict):
 def __missing__(self, key):
  if isinstance(key, str):
   raise KeyError(key)
  return self[str(key)]
 def get(self, key, default=None):
  try:
   return self[key]
  except KeyError:
   return default
 def __contains__(self, key):
  return key in self.keys() or str(key) in self.keys()

import collections
class StrKeyDict(collections.UserDict):
 def __missing__(self, key):
  if isinstance(key, str):
   raise KeyError(key)
  return self[str(key)]
 def __contains__(self, key):
  return str(key) in self.data
 def __setitem__(self, key, item):
  self.data[str(key)] = item