from __future__ import division下表列出了__future__中其他可导入的特性:
| 特性 | 可选版本 | 强制版本 | 效果 |
|---|---|---|---|
| nested_scopes | 2.1.0b1 | 2.2 | [url=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0227][b]PEP 227[/b][/url]: [i]Statically Nested Scopes[/i] |
| generators | 2.2.0a1 | 2.3 | [url=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255][b]PEP 255[/b][/url]: [i]Simple Generators[/i] |
| division | 2.2.0a2 | 3.0 | [url=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238][b]PEP 238[/b][/url]: [i]Changing the Division Operator[/i] |
| absolute_import | 2.5.0a1 | 3.0 | [url=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0328][b]PEP 328[/b][/url]: [i]Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative[/i] |
| with_statement | 2.5.0a1 | 2.6 | [url=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343][b]PEP 343[/b][/url]: [i]The “with” Statement[/i] |
| print_function | 2.6.0a2 | 3.0 | [url=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3105][b]PEP 3105[/b][/url]: [i]Make print a function[/i] |
| unicode_literals | 2.6.0a2 | 3.0 | [url=http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3112][b]PEP 3112[/b][/url]: [i]Bytes literals in Python 3000[/i] |
from platform import python_version
print 'Python', python_version()
print 'Hello, World!'
print('Hello, World!')
print "text", ; print 'print more text on the same line'
Python 2.7.6 Hello, World! Hello, World! text print more text on the same line[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
print('Hello, World!')
print("some text,", end="")
print(' print more text on the same line')
Python 3.4.1 Hello, World! some text, print more text on the same line
print 'Hello, World!'
File "<ipython-input-3-139a7c5835bd>", line 1 print 'Hello, World!' ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax[b]注意:[/b] 在Python中,带不带括号输出”Hello World”都很正常。但如果在圆括号中同时输出多个对象时,就会创建一个元组,这是因为在Python 2中,print是一个语句,而不是函数调用。
print 'Python', python_version()
print('a', 'b')
print 'a', 'b'
Python 2.7.7
('a', 'b')
a b
[h1]整数除法[/h1]
[[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]]
由于人们常常会忽视Python 3在整数除法上的改动(写错了也不会触发Syntax Error),所以在移植代码或在Python 2中执行Python 3的代码时,需要特别注意这个改动。
所以,我还是会在Python 3的脚本中尝试用float(3)/2或 3/2.0代替3/2,以此来避免代码在Python 2环境下可能导致的错误(或与之相反,在Python 2脚本中用from __future__ import division来使用Python 3的除法)。
[b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version() print '3 / 2 =', 3 / 2 print '3 // 2 =', 3 // 2 print '3 / 2.0 =', 3 / 2.0 print '3 // 2.0 =', 3 // 2.0
Python 2.7.6 3 / 2 = 1 3 // 2 = 1 3 / 2.0 = 1.5 3 // 2.0 = 1.0[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
print('3 / 2 =', 3 / 2)
print('3 // 2 =', 3 // 2)
print('3 / 2.0 =', 3 / 2.0)
print('3 // 2.0 =', 3 // 2.0)
Python 3.4.1 3 / 2 = 1.5 3 // 2 = 1 3 / 2.0 = 1.5 3 // 2.0 = 1.0[h1]Unicode[/h1] [[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]] Python 2有基于ASCII的str()类型,其可通过单独的unicode()函数转成unicode类型,但没有byte类型。 而在Python 3中,终于有了Unicode(utf-8)字符串,以及两个字节类:bytes和bytearrays。 [b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version()
Python 2.7.6
print type(unicode('this is like a python3 str type'))
<type 'unicode'>
print type(b'byte type does not exist')
<type 'str'>
print 'they are really' + b' the same'
they are really the same
print type(bytearray(b'bytearray oddly does exist though'))
<type 'bytearray'>[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
print('strings are now utf-8 u03BCnicou0394é!')
Python 3.4.1 strings are now utf-8 μnicoΔé!
print('Python', python_version(), end="")
print(' has', type(b' bytes for storing data'))
Python 3.4.1 has <class 'bytes'>
print('and Python', python_version(), end="")
print(' also has', type(bytearray(b'bytearrays')))
and Python 3.4.1 also has <class 'bytearray'>
'note that we cannot add a string' + b'bytes for data'
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-13-d3e8942ccf81> in <module>() ----> 1 'note that we cannot add a string' + b'bytes for data' TypeError: Can't convert 'bytes' object to str implicitly[h1]xrange[/h1] [[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]] 在Python 2.x中,经常会用xrange()创建一个可迭代对象,通常出现在“for循环”或“列表/集合/字典推导式”中。 这种行为与生成器非常相似(如”惰性求值“),但这里的xrange-iterable无尽的,意味着可能在这个xrange上无限迭代。 由于xrange的“惰性求知“特性,如果只需迭代一次(如for循环中),range()通常比xrange()快一些。不过不建议在多次迭代中使用range(),因为range()每次都会在内存中重新生成一个列表。 在Python 3中,range()的实现方式与xrange()函数相同,所以就不存在专用的xrange()(在Python 3中使用xrange()会触发NameError)。
import timeit n = 10000 def test_range(n): return for i in range(n): pass def test_xrange(n): for i in xrange(n): pass[b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version() print 'ntiming range()' %timeit test_range(n) print 'nntiming xrange()' %timeit test_xrange(n)
Python 2.7.6 timing range() 1000 loops, best of 3: 433 µs per loop timing xrange() 1000 loops, best of 3: 350 µs per loop[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
print('ntiming range()')
%timeit test_range(n)
Python 3.4.1 timing range() 1000 loops, best of 3: 520 µs per loop
print(xrange(10))
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- NameError Traceback (most recent call last) in () ----> 1 print(xrange(10)) NameError: name 'xrange' is not defined[h1]Python 3中的range对象中的__contains__方法[/h1] 另一个值得一提的是,在Python 3.x中,range有了一个新的__contains__方法。__contains__方法可以有效的加快Python 3.x中整数和布尔型的“查找”速度。
x = 10000000
def val_in_range(x, val):
return val in range(x)
def val_in_xrange(x, val):
return val in xrange(x)
print('Python', python_version())
assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True)
assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)
%timeit val_in_range(x, x//2)
Python 3.4.1 1 loops, best of 3: 742 ms per loop 1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 µs per loop根据上面的timeit的结果,查找整数比查找浮点数要快大约6万倍。但由于Python 2.x中的range或xrange没有__contains__方法,所以在Python 2中的整数和浮点数的查找速度差别不大。
print 'Python', python_version() assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0) == True) assert(val_in_xrange(x, x/2) == True) assert(val_in_range(x, x/2) == True) assert(val_in_range(x, x//2) == True) %timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2.0) %timeit val_in_xrange(x, x/2) %timeit val_in_range(x, x/2.0) %timeit val_in_range(x, x/2)
Python 2.7.7 1 loops, best of 3: 285 ms per loop 1 loops, best of 3: 179 ms per loop 1 loops, best of 3: 658 ms per loop 1 loops, best of 3: 556 ms per loop下面的代码证明了Python 2.x中没有__contain__方法:
print('Python', python_version())
range.__contains__
Python 3.4.1 <slot wrapper '__contains__' of 'range' objects
print('Python', python_version())
range.__contains__
Python 2.7.7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-7-05327350dafb> in <module>() 1 print 'Python', python_version() ----> 2 range.__contains__ AttributeError: 'builtin_function_or_method' object has no attribute '__contains__'
print('Python', python_version())
xrange.__contains__
Python 2.7.7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) in () 1 print 'Python', python_version() ----> 2 xrange.__contains__ AttributeError: type object 'xrange' has no attribute '__contains__'[b]关于Python 2中xrange()与Python 3中range()之间的速度差异的一点说明:[/b] 有读者指出了Python 3中的range()和Python 2中xrange()执行速度有差异。由于这两者的实现方式相同,因此理论上执行速度应该也是相同的。这里的速度差别仅仅是因为Python 3的总体速度就比Python 2慢。
def test_while(): i = 0 while i < 20000: i += 1 return
print('Python', python_version())
%timeit test_while()
Python 3.4.1 %timeit test_while() 100 loops, best of 3: 2.68 ms per loop
print 'Python', python_version() %timeit test_while()
Python 2.7.6 1000 loops, best of 3: 1.72 ms per loop[h1]触发异常[/h1] [[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]] Python 2支持新旧两种异常触发语法,而Python 3只接受带括号的的语法(不然会触发SyntaxError): [b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version()
Python 2.7.6
raise IOError, "file error"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- IOError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-8-25f049caebb0> in <module>() ----> 1 raise IOError, "file error" IOError: file error
raise IOError("file error")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IOError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-6f1c43f525b2> in <module>()
----> 1 raise IOError("file error")
IOError: file error
Python 3
print('Python', python_version())
Python 3.4.1
raise IOError, "file error"
File "<ipython-input-10-25f049caebb0>", line 1 raise IOError, "file error" ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax The proper way to raise an exception in Python 3:
print('Python', python_version())
raise IOError("file error")
Python 3.4.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-c350544d15da> in <module>()
1 print('Python', python_version())
----> 2 raise IOError("file error")
OSError: file error
[h1]异常处理[/h1]
[[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]]
Python 3中的异常处理也发生了一点变化。在Python 3中必须使用“as”关键字。
[b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version() try: let_us_cause_a_NameError except NameError, err: print err, '--> our error message'
Python 2.7.6 name 'let_us_cause_a_NameError' is not defined --> our error message[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
try:
let_us_cause_a_NameError
except NameError as err:
print(err, '--> our error message')
Python 3.4.1 name 'let_us_cause_a_NameError' is not defined --> our error message[h1]next()函数和.next()方法[/h1] [[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]] 由于会经常用到next()(.next())函数(方法),所以还要提到另一个语法改动(实现方面也做了改动):在Python 2.7.5中,函数形式和方法形式都可以使用,而在Python 3中,只能使用next()函数(试图调用.next()方法会触发AttributeError)。 [b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version() my_generator = (letter for letter in 'abcdefg') next(my_generator) my_generator.next()
Python 2.7.6 'b'[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
my_generator = (letter for letter in 'abcdefg')
next(my_generator)
Python 3.4.1 'a'
my_generator.next()
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-14-125f388bb61b> in <module>() ----> 1 my_generator.next() AttributeError: 'generator' object has no attribute 'next'[h1]For循环变量与全局命名空间泄漏[/h1] [[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]] 好消息是:在Python 3.x中,for循环中的变量不再会泄漏到全局命名空间中了! 这是Python 3.x中做的一个改动,在“What's New In Python 3.0”中有如下描述: “列表推导不再支持[... for var in item1, item2, ...]这样的语法,使用[... for var in (item1, item2, ...)]代替。还要注意列表推导有不同的语义:现在列表推导更接近list()构造器中的生成器表达式这样的语法糖,特别要注意的是,循环控制变量不会再泄漏到循环周围的空间中了。” [b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version() i = 1 print 'before: i =', i print 'comprehension: ', [i for i in range(5)] print 'after: i =', i
Python 2.7.6 before: i = 1 comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] after: i = 4[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
i = 1
print('before: i =', i)
print('comprehension:', [i for i in range(5)])
print('after: i =', i)
Python 3.4.1 before: i = 1 comprehension: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] after: i = 1[h1]比较无序类型[/h1] [[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]] Python 3中另一个优秀的改动是,如果我们试图比较无序类型,会触发一个TypeError。 [b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version() print "[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo' print "(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo' print "[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2)
Python 2.7.6 [1, 2] > 'foo' = False (1, 2) > 'foo' = True [1, 2] > (1, 2) = False[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
print("[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo')
print("(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo')
print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))
Python 3.4.1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-16-a9031729f4a0> in <module>()
1 print('Python', python_version())
----> 2 print("[1, 2] > 'foo' = ", [1, 2] > 'foo')
3 print("(1, 2) > 'foo' = ", (1, 2) > 'foo')
4 print("[1, 2] > (1, 2) = ", [1, 2] > (1, 2))
TypeError: unorderable types: list() > str()
[h1]通过input()解析用户的输入[/h1]
[[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]]
幸运的是,Python 3改进了input()函数,这样该函数就会总是将用户的输入存储为str对象。在Python 2中,为了避免读取非字符串类型会发生的一些危险行为,不得不使用raw_input()代替input()。
[b]Python 2[/b]
Python 2.7.6
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Inc. build 5493)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> my_input = input('enter a number: ')
enter a number: 123
>>> type(my_input)
<type 'int'>
>>> my_input = raw_input('enter a number: ')
enter a number: 123
>>> type(my_input)
<type 'str'>
[b]Python 3[/b]
Python 3.4.1
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5577)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> my_input = input('enter a number: ')
enter a number: 123
>>> type(my_input)
<class 'str'>
[h1]返回可迭代对象,而不是列表[/h1]
[[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]]
在xrange一节中可以看到,某些函数和方法在Python中返回的是可迭代对象,而不像在Python 2中返回列表。
由于通常对这些对象只遍历一次,所以这种方式会节省很多内存。然而,如果通过生成器来多次迭代这些对象,效率就不高了。
此时我们的确需要列表对象,可以通过list()函数简单的将可迭代对象转成列表。
[b]Python 2[/b]
print 'Python', python_version() print range(3) print type(range(3))
Python 2.7.6 [0, 1, 2] <type 'list'>[b]Python 3[/b]
print('Python', python_version())
print(range(3))
print(type(range(3)))
print(list(range(3)))
Python 3.4.1 range(0, 3) <class 'range'> [0, 1, 2]下面列出了Python 3中其他不再返回列表的常用函数和方法: [list] [*]zip()[/*] [*]map()[/*] [*]filter()[/*] [*]字典的.key()方法[/*] [*]字典的.value()方法[/*] [*]字典的.item()方法[/*] [/list] [h1]更多关于Python 2和Python 3的文章[/h1] [[url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57956.htm#TOC]回到目录[/url]] 下面列出了其他一些可以进一步了解Python 2和Python 3的优秀文章, //迁移到 Python 3 [list] [*][url=https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3]Should I use Python 2 or Python 3 for my development activity?[/url][/*] [*][url=https://docs.python.org/3.0/whatsnew/3.0.html]What's New In Python 3.0[/url][/*] [*][url=http://python3porting.com/differences.html]Porting to Python 3[/url][/*] [*][url=https://docs.python.org/3/howto/pyporting.html]Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3[/url][/*] [*][url=http://nothingbutsnark.svbtle.com/my-view-on-the-current-state-of-python-3]How keep Python 3 moving forward[/url][/*] [/list] // 对Python 3的褒与贬 [list] [*][url=http://asmeurer.github.io/python3-presentation/slides.html#1]10 awesome features of Python that you can't use because you refuse to upgrade to Python 3[/url][/*] [*][url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57958.htm]关于你不想知道的所有Python3 unicode特性[/url][/*] [*][url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57959.htm]Python 3 正在毁灭 Python[/url][/*] [*][url=http://www.1sucai.cn/article/57961.htm]Python 3 能振兴 Python[/url][/*] [*][url=http://sealedabstract.com/rants/python-3-is-fine/]Python 3 is fine[/url][/*] [/list]
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