public interface IHttpModule
{
 // Methods
 void Dispose();
 void Init(HttpApplication context);
}

public interface IHttpHandler
{
 // Methods
 void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context);

 // Properties
 bool IsReusable { get; }
}

<httpModules>
 <add name="OutputCache" type="System.Web.Caching.OutputCacheModule" />
 <add name="Session" type="System.Web.SessionState.SessionStateModule" />
 <add name="WindowsAuthentication" type="System.Web.Security.WindowsAuthenticationModule" />
 <add name="FormsAuthentication" type="System.Web.Security.FormsAuthenticationModule" />
 <add name="PassportAuthentication" type="System.Web.Security.PassportAuthenticationModule" />
 <add name="RoleManager" type="System.Web.Security.RoleManagerModule" />
 <add name="UrlAuthorization" type="System.Web.Security.UrlAuthorizationModule" />
 <add name="FileAuthorization" type="System.Web.Security.FileAuthorizationModule" />
 <add name="AnonymousIdentification" type="System.Web.Security.AnonymousIdentificationModule" />
 <add name="Profile" type="System.Web.Profile.ProfileModule" />
 <add name="ErrorHandlerModule" type="System.Web.Mobile.ErrorHandlerModule, System.Web.Mobile, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" />
 <add name="ServiceModel" type="System.ServiceModel.Activation.HttpModule, System.ServiceModel.Activation, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" />
 <add name="UrlRoutingModule-4.0" type="System.Web.Routing.UrlRoutingModule" />
 <add name="ScriptModule-4.0" type="System.Web.Handlers.ScriptModule, System.Web.Extensions, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35"/>
 </httpModules>

[TypeForwardedFrom("System.Web.Routing, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=Neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35")]
public class UrlRoutingModule : IHttpModule
{
 // Fields
 private static readonly object _contextKey = new object();
 private static readonly object _requestDataKey = new object();
 private RouteCollection _routeCollection;

 // Methods
 protected virtual void Dispose()
 {
 }

 protected virtual void Init(HttpApplication application)
 {
 if (application.Context.Items[_contextKey] == null)
 {
 application.Context.Items[_contextKey] = _contextKey;
 application.PostResolveRequestCache += new EventHandler(this.OnApplicationPostResolveRequestCache);
 }
 }

 private void OnApplicationPostResolveRequestCache(object sender, EventArgs e)
 {
 HttpApplication application = (HttpApplication) sender;
 HttpContextBase context = new HttpContextWrapper(application.Context);
 this.PostResolveRequestCache(context);
 }

 [Obsolete("This method is obsolete. Override the Init method to use the PostMapRequestHandler event.")]
 public virtual void PostMapRequestHandler(HttpContextBase context)
 {
 }

 public virtual void PostResolveRequestCache(HttpContextBase context)
 {
 RouteData routeData = this.RouteCollection.GetRouteData(context);
 if (routeData != null)
 {
 IRouteHandler routeHandler = routeData.RouteHandler;
 if (routeHandler == null)
 {
 throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, SR.GetString("UrlRoutingModule_NoRouteHandler"), new object[0]));
 }
 if (!(routeHandler is StopRoutingHandler))
 {
 RequestContext requestContext = new RequestContext(context, routeData);
 context.Request.RequestContext = requestContext;
 IHttpHandler httpHandler = routeHandler.GetHttpHandler(requestContext);
 if (httpHandler == null)
 {
  throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture, SR.GetString("UrlRoutingModule_NoHttpHandler"), new object[] { routeHandler.GetType() }));
 }
 if (httpHandler is UrlAuthFailureHandler)
 {
  if (!FormsAuthenticationModule.FormsAuthRequired)
  {
  throw new HttpException(0x191, SR.GetString("Assess_Denied_Description3"));
  }
  UrlAuthorizationModule.ReportUrlAuthorizationFailure(HttpContext.Current, this);
 }
 else
 {
  context.RemapHandler(httpHandler);
 }
 }
 }
 }

 [TargetedPatchingOptOut("Performance critical to inline this type of method across NGen image boundaries")]
 void IHttpModule.Dispose()
 {
 this.Dispose();
 }

 [TargetedPatchingOptOut("Performance critical to inline this type of method across NGen image boundaries")]
 void IHttpModule.Init(HttpApplication application)
 {
 this.Init(application);
 }

 // Properties
 public RouteCollection RouteCollection
 {
 get
 {
 if (this._routeCollection == null)
 {
 this._routeCollection = RouteTable.Routes;
 }
 return this._routeCollection;
 }
 [TargetedPatchingOptOut("Performance critical to inline this type of method across NGen image boundaries")]
 set
 {
 this._routeCollection = value;
 }
 }
}

public virtual void PostResolveRequestCache(HttpContextBase context)
{
 // 通过RouteCollection的静态方法GetRouteData获取到封装路由信息的RouteData实例
 RouteData routeData = this.RouteCollection.GetRouteData(context);
 if (routeData != null)
 {
 // 再从RouteData中获取MVCRouteHandler
 IRouteHandler routeHandler = routeData.RouteHandler;
 ......
 if (!(routeHandler is StopRoutingHandler))
 {
 ......
 // 调用 IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler()，获取的IHttpHandler 类型实例，它是由 IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler获取的，这个得去MVC的源码里看
 IHttpHandler httpHandler = routeHandler.GetHttpHandler(requestContext);
 ......
 // 合适条件下，把之前将获取的IHttpHandler 类型实例 映射到IIS HTTP处理管道中
 context.RemapHandler(httpHandler);
 }
 }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace ApiDemo
{
 public class RouteConfig
 {
 public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
 {
 routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");

 routes.MapRoute(
 name: "Default",
 url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
 defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
 );
 }
 }
}

public class MvcApplication : System.Web.HttpApplication
 {
 protected void Application_Start()
 {

 RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
 BundleConfig.RegisterBundles(BundleTable.Bundles);
 }
 }

 public class RouteConfig
 {
 public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
 {
 routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
System.Web.Mvc.RouteCollectionExtensions
 routes.MapRoute(
 name: "Default",
 url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
 defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
 );
 }
 }

public static Route MapRoute(this RouteCollection routes, string name, string url, object defaults, object constraints, string[] namespaces) 
 {
 ......

 Route route = new Route(url, new MvcRouteHandler()) {
 Defaults = new RouteValueDictionary(defaults),
 Constraints = new RouteValueDictionary(constraints),
 DataTokens = new RouteValueDictionary()
 };
 ......
 return route;
 }

namespace System.Web.Routing
{ 
 public interface IRouteHandler
 { 
 IHttpHandler GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext);
 }
}

public class MvcRouteHandler : IRouteHandler
{
 // Fields
 private IControllerFactory _controllerFactory;

 // Methods
 public MvcRouteHandler()
 {
 }

 public MvcRouteHandler(IControllerFactory controllerFactory)
 {
 this._controllerFactory = controllerFactory;
 }

 protected virtual IHttpHandler GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext)
 {
 requestContext.HttpContext.SetSessionStateBehavior(this.GetSessionStateBehavior(requestContext));
 return new MvcHandler(requestContext);
 }

 protected virtual SessionStateBehavior GetSessionStateBehavior(RequestContext requestContext)
 {
 string str = (string) requestContext.RouteData.Values["controller"];
 if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(str))
 {
  throw new InvalidOperationException(MvcResources.MvcRouteHandler_RouteValuesHasNoController);
 }
 IControllerFactory factory = this._controllerFactory ?? ControllerBuilder.Current.GetControllerFactory();
 return factory.GetControllerSessionBehavior(requestContext, str);
 }

 IHttpHandler IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext)
 {
 return this.GetHttpHandler(requestContext);
 }
}

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc.<pre>// All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
void IHttpHandler.ProcessRequest(HttpContext httpContext) 
{
 ProcessRequest(httpContext);
}
protected virtual void ProcessRequest(HttpContext httpContext) 
{
 HttpContextBase iHttpContext = new HttpContextWrapper(httpContext);
  ProcessRequest(iHttpContext);
}
protected internal virtual void ProcessRequest(HttpContextBase httpContext) {
 SecurityUtil.ProcessInApplicationTrust(() => {
 IController controller;
 IControllerFactory factory;
 ProcessRequestInit(httpContext, out controller, out factory);
 try
 {
 controller.Execute(RequestContext);
 }
 finally
 {
 factory.ReleaseController(controller);
 }
 });
}

private void ProcessRequestInit(HttpContextBase httpContext, 
  out IController controller, out IControllerFactory factory) {
 // If request validation has already been enabled, make it lazy.
 // This allows attributes like [HttpPost] (which looks
 // at Request.Form) to work correctly without triggering full validation.
 bool? isRequestValidationEnabled = 
 ValidationUtility.IsValidationEnabled(HttpContext.Current);
 if (isRequestValidationEnabled == true) {
 ValidationUtility.EnableDynamicValidation(HttpContext.Current);
 }
 AddVersionHeader(httpContext);
 RemoveOptionalRoutingParameters();
 // Get the controller type
 string controllerName = RequestContext.RouteData.GetRequiredString("controller");
 // Instantiate the controller and call Execute
 factory = ControllerBuilder.GetControllerFactory();
 controller = factory.CreateController(RequestContext, controllerName);
 if (controller == null) {
 throw new InvalidOperationException(
 String.Format(
  CultureInfo.CurrentCulture,
  MvcResources.ControllerBuilder_FactoryReturnedNull,
  factory.GetType(),
  controllerName));
 }
}

public abstract class ControllerBase : IController
{
 protected virtual void Execute(RequestContext requestContext)
 {
 if (requestContext == null)
 {
  throw new ArgumentNullException("requestContext");
 }
 if (requestContext.HttpContext == null)
 {
  throw new ArgumentException(
  MvcResources.ControllerBase_CannotExecuteWithNullHttpContext, 
  "requestContext");
 }
 VerifyExecuteCalledOnce();
 Initialize(requestContext);
 using (ScopeStorage.CreateTransientScope())
 {
  ExecuteCore();
 }
 }
 protected abstract void ExecuteCore(); 
 // .......

bool InvokeAction(
  ControllerContext controllerContext,
  string actionName
) 

public IActionInvoker ActionInvoker {
 get {
 if (_actionInvoker == null) {
  _actionInvoker = CreateActionInvoker();
 }
 return _actionInvoker;
 }
 set {
 _actionInvoker = value;
 }
}
 protected virtual IActionInvoker CreateActionInvoker() {
 return new ControllerActionInvoker();
}

public abstract class ActionResult
 {
 public abstract void ExecuteResult(ControllerContext context);
 }

if (View == null)
  {
  result = FindView(context); //calls the ViewResult's FindView() method
  View = result.View;
  }

  ViewContext viewContext = new ViewContext(context, View, ViewData, TempData);
  View.Render(viewContext, context.HttpContext.Response.Output);

protected abstract ViewEngineResult FindView(ControllerContext context); //this is implemented by          //the ViewResult

protected override ViewEngineResult FindView(ControllerContext context)
 {
 ViewEngineResult result = ViewEngineCollection.FindView(context, ViewName, MasterName);
 if (result.View != null)
 {
  return result;
 }
 //rest of the code omitted 
 }