public void PrintCoordinates(Point p)
{
int x, y; // have to "predeclare"
p.GetCoordinates(out x, out y);
WriteLine($"({x}, {y})");
}
public void PrintCoordinates(Point p)
{
p.GetCoordinates(out int x, out int y);
WriteLine($"({x}, {y})");
}
p.GetCoordinates(out var x, out var y);
public void PrintStars(string s)
{
if (int.TryParse(s, out var i)) { WriteLine(new string('*', i)); }
else { WriteLine("Cloudy - no stars tonight!"); }
}
p.GetCoordinates(out int x, out *); // I only care about x
public void PrintStars(object o)
{
if (o is null) return; // constant pattern "null"
if (!(o is int i)) return; // type pattern "int i"
WriteLine(new string('*', i));
}
if (o is int i || (o is string s && int.TryParse(s, out i)) { /* use i */ }
switch(shape)
{
case Circle c:
WriteLine($"circle with radius {c.Radius}");
break;
case Rectangle s when (s.Length == s.Height):
WriteLine($"{s.Length} x {s.Height} square");
break;
case Rectangle r:
WriteLine($"{r.Length} x {r.Height} rectangle");
break;
default:
WriteLine("<unknown shape>");
break;
case null:
throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(shape));
}
(string, string, string) LookupName(long id) // tuple return type
{
... // retrieve first, middle and last from data storage
return (first, middle, last); // tuple literal
}
var names = LookupName(id);
WriteLine($"found {names.Item1} {names.Item3}.");
(string first, string middle, string last) LookupName(long id) // tuple elements have names
var names = LookupName(id);
WriteLine($"found {names.first} {names.last}.");
return (first: first, middle: middle, last: last); // named tuple elements in a literal
(string first, string middle, string last) = LookupName(id1); // deconstructing declaration
WriteLine($"found {first} {last}.");
(var first, var middle, var last) = LookupName(id1); // var inside
var (first, middle, last) = LookupName(id1); // var outside
(first, middle, last) = LookupName(id2); // deconstructing assignment
public void Deconstruct(out T1 x1, ..., out Tn xn) { ... }
class Point
{
public int X { get; }
public int Y { get; }
public Point(int x, int y) { X = x; Y = y; }
public void Deconstruct(out int x, out int y) { x = X; y = Y; }
}
(var myX, var myY) = GetPoint(); // calls Deconstruct(out myX, out myY);
(var myX, *) = GetPoint(); // I only care about myX
public int Fibonacci(int x)
{
if (x < 0) throw new ArgumentException("Less negativity please!", nameof(x));
return Fib(x).current;
(int current, int previous) Fib(int i)
{
if (i == 0) return (1, 0);
var (p, pp) = Fib(i - 1);
return (p + pp, p);
}
}
public IEnumerable<T> Filter<T>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> filter)
{
if (source == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(source));
if (filter == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(filter));
return Iterator();
IEnumerable<T> Iterator()
{
foreach (var element in source)
{
if (filter(element)) { yield return element; }
}
}
}
var b = 0b1010_1011_1100_1101_1110_1111;
public ref int Find(int number, int[] numbers)
{
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.Length; i++)
{
if (numbers[i] == number)
{
return ref numbers[i]; // return the storage location, not the value
}
}
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"{nameof(number)} not found");
}
int[] array = { 1, 15, -39, 0, 7, 14, -12 };
ref int place = ref Find(7, array); // aliases 7's place in the array
place = 9; // replaces 7 with 9 in the array
WriteLine(array[4]); // prints 9
class Person
{
private static ConcurrentDictionary<int, string> names = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, string>();
private int id = GetId();
public Person(string name) => names.TryAdd(id, name); // constructors
~Person() => names.TryRemove(id, out *); // destructors
public string Name
{
get => names[id]; // getters
set => names[id] = value; // setters
}
}
class Person
{
public string Name { get; }
public Person(string name) => Name = name ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(name);
public string GetFirstName()
{
var parts = Name.Split(" ");
return (parts.Length > 0) ? parts[0] : throw new InvalidOperationException("No name!");
}
public string GetLastName() => throw new NotImplementedException();
}
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