#include 
#include 
jmp_buf static_buf; //用来存放处理器上下文，用于跳转
void do_jmp()
 {
 //do something,simetime occurs a little error
 //调用longjmp后，会载入static_buf的处理器信息，然后第二个参数作为返回点的setjmp这个函数的返回值
 longjmp(static_buf,10);//10是错误码，根据这个错误码来进行相应的处理
 }
int main()
 {
 int ret = 0;
 //将处理器信息保存到static_buf中,并返回0，相当于在这里做了一个标记，后面可以跳转过来
 if((ret = setjmp(static_buf)) == 0) {
 //要执行的代码
 do_jmp();
 } else { //出现了错误
 if (ret == 10)
 std::cout << "a little error" << std::endl;
 }
 }

#include 
#include 
using namespace std;
class base {
 public:
 base() {
 cout << "base construct func call" << endl;
 }
 ~base() {
 cout << "~base destruct func call" << endl;
 }
 };
jmp_buf static_buf;
void test_base() {
 base b;
 //do something
 longjmp(static_buf,47);//进行了跳转，跳转后会发现b无法析构了
 }
int main() {
 if(setjmp(static_buf) == 0) {
 cout << "deal with some thing" << endl;
 test_base();
 } else {
 cout << "catch a error" << endl;
 }
 }

class MyError {
 const char* const data;
public:
 MyError(const char* const msg = 0):data(msg)
 {
 //idle
 }
};
void do_error() {
 throw MyError("something bad happend");
 }
int main()
 {
 do_error();
 }

try{
    //do something
    throw string("this is exception");
  } catch(const string& e) {
    cout << "catch a exception " << e << endl;
  }

#include 
using namespace std;
 int main()
 {
 try{
 throw 'a';
 }catch(int a) {
 cout << "int" << endl;
 }catch(char c) {
 cout << "char" << endl;
 }
 }

//基类
class Base{
 public:
 Base(string msg):m_msg(msg)
 {
 }
 virtual void what(){
 cout << m_msg << endl;
 }
 void test()
 {
 cout << "I am a CBase" << endl;
 }
 protected:
 string m_msg;
};
//派生类，重新实现了虚函数
class CBase : public Base
{
 public:
 CBase(string msg):Base(msg)
 {
 }
 void what()
 {
 cout << "CBase:" << m_msg << endl;
 }
 };
int main()
 {
 try {
 //do some thing
 //抛出派生类对象
 throw CBase("I am a CBase exception");
 }catch(Base& e) { //使用基类可以接收
 e.what();
 }
 }

try {
    //do some thing
    throw CBase("I am a CBase exception");
}catch(Base e) {

e.test();

}

try{
    throw Exception("I am a exception");  
  }catch(...) {
    //log the exception
    throw;
  }

#include 
#include 
#include 
using namespace std;
class MyError {
 const char* const data;
 public:
 MyError(const char* const msg = 0):data(msg)
 {
 //idle
 }
 };
void do_error() {
 throw MyError("something bad happend");
 }
 //自定义的terminate函数，函数原型需要一致
 void terminator()
 {
 cout << "I'll be back" << endl;
 exit(0);
 }
int main()
 {
 //设置自定义的terminate，返回的是原有的terminate函数指针
 void (*old_terminate)() = set_terminate(terminator);
 do_error();
 }

#include 
#include 
using namespace std;
class base
 {
 public:
 base()
 {
 cout << "I start to construct" << endl;
 if (count == 3) //构造第四个的时候抛出异常
 throw string("I am a error");
 count++;
 }
 ~base()
 {
 cout << "I will destruct " << endl;
 }
 private:
 static int count;
 };
int base::count = 0;
int main()
 {
 try{
 base test[5];
 } catch(...){
 cout << "catch some error" << endl;
 }
 }

 I start to construct
 I start to construct
 I start to construct
 I start to construct
 I will destruct 
 I will destruct 
 I will destruct 
 catch some error

#include 
using namespace std;
int main() try {
 throw "main";
 } catch(const char* msg) {
 cout << msg << endl;
 return 1;
 }

 class Base
 {
 public:
 Base(int data,string str)try:m_int(data),m_string(str)//对初始化列表中可能会出现的异常也会进行捕捉
 {
 // some initialize opt
 }catch(const char* msg) {
 cout << "catch a exception" << msg << endl;
 }
 private:
 int m_int;
 string m_string;
 };
int main()
 {
 Base base(1,"zhangyifei");
 }

#include 
#include 
#include 
using namespace std;
class MyError:public runtime_error {
 public:
 MyError(const string& msg = "") : runtime_error(msg) {}
};
//runtime_error logic_error 两个都是继承自标准异常，带有string构造函数
 //
 int main()
 {
 try {
 throw MyError("my message"); 
 } catch(MyError& x) {
 cout << x.what() << endl; 
 }
 }

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
using namespace std;
class Up{};
 class Fit{};
 void g();
 //异常规格说明，f函数只能抛出Up 和Fit类型的异常
 void f(int i)throw(Up,Fit) {
 switch(i) {
 case 1: throw Up();
 case 2: throw Fit(); 
 }
 g();
 }
void g() {throw 47;}
void my_ternminate() {
 cout << "I am a ternminate" << endl;
 exit(0);
 }
void my_unexpected() {
 cout << "unexpected exception thrown" << endl;
 // throw Up();
 throw 8;
 //如果在unexpected中继续抛出异常，抛出的是规格说明中的 则会被捕捉程序继续执行
 //如果抛出的异常不在异常规格说明中分两种情况
 //1.异常规格说明中有bad_exception ，那么会导致抛出一个bad_exception
 //2.异常规格说明中没有bad_exception 那么会导致程序调用ternminate函数
 // exit(0);
 }
int main() {
 set_terminate(my_ternminate);
 set_unexpected(my_unexpected);
 for(int i = 1;i <=3;i++)
 {
 //当抛出的异常,并不是异常规格说明中的异常时
 //会导致最终调用系统的unexpected函数，通过set_unexpected可以
 //用来设置自己的unexpected汗函数
 try {
 f(i); 
 }catch(Up) {
 cout << "Up caught" << endl; 
 }catch(Fit) {
 cout << "Fit caught" << endl; 
 }catch(bad_exception) {
 cout << "bad exception" << endl; 
 }
 }
 }
 }

void recoup(int) noexecpt(true); //recoup不会抛出异常
void recoup(int) noexecpt(false); //recoup可能会抛出异常

template<typename T> T stack<T>::pop()
{
  if(count == 0)
    throw logic_error("stack underflow");
  else
    return data[--count];
}

class Bitmap {...};
class Widget {
  ...
private:
  Bitmap *pb;
};

Widget& Widget::operator=(const Widget& rhs)

{

delete pb;

pb = new Bitmap(*rhs.pb);

return *this;

}

Widget& Widget::operator=(const Widget& rhs)
{
  If(this == rhs) return *this; //证同性测试
  delete pb;
  pb = new Bitmap(*rhs.pb);
  return *this;
}

Widget& Widget::operator=(const Widget& rhs)
{
  If(this == rhs) return *this; //证同性测试
  Bitmap *pOrig = pb;
  pb = new Bitmap(*rhs.pb); //现在这里即使发生了异常，也不会影响this指向的对象
  delete pOrig;
  return *this;  
}