def hostname():         sys = os.name            if sys == 'nt':                  hostname = os.getenv('computername')                  return hostname            elif sys == 'posix':                  host = os.popen('echo $HOSTNAME')                  try:                          hostname = host.read()                          return hostname                  finally:                          host.close()         else:                  return 'Unkwon hostname'

import os   os.getcwd() #or #os.curdir just return . for current working directory. #need abspath() to get full path. os.path.abspath(os.curdir)

os.getenv('TEMP')

s = "1233423423423423" import locale locale.atoi(s) #1233423423423423 locale.atof(s) #1233423423423423.0 int(s) #1233423423423423 float(s) #1233423423423423.0 str(123434) "123434"

# bytes object   b = b"example"     # str object   s = "example"     # str to bytes   bytes(s, encoding = "utf8")     # bytes to str   str(b, encoding = "utf-8")     # an alternative method   # str to bytes   str.encode(s)     # bytes to str   bytes.decode(b)

>>> import os >>> os.pathsep ';' >>> os.sep '\\' >>> os.linesep '\r\n'