#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Contained1 {
public:
  Contained1() {
    cout << "Contained1 constructor." << endl;
  }
};

class Contained2 {
public:
  Contained2() {
    cout << "Contained2 constructor." << endl;
  }
};

class Contained3 {
public:
  Contained3() {
    cout << "Contained3 constructor." << endl;
  }
};

class BaseContainer {
public:
  BaseContainer() {
    cout << "BaseContainer constructor." << endl;
  }
private:
  Contained1 c1;
  Contained2 c2;
};

class DerivedContainer : public BaseContainer {
public:
  DerivedContainer() : BaseContainer() {
    cout << "DerivedContainer constructor." << endl;
  }
private:
  Contained3 c3;
};

int main() {
  DerivedContainer dc;
  int x = 3;
}

Contained1 constructor.
Contained2 constructor.
BaseContainer constructor.
Contained3 constructor.
DerivedContainer constructor.

class Box {
public:
  Box(int width, int length, int height) 
    : m_width(width), m_length(length), m_height(height) // member init list
  {}
  int Volume() {return m_width * m_length * m_height; }
private:
  int m_width;
  int m_length;
  int m_height;

};

Box b(42, 21, 12);
cout << "The volume is " << b.Volume();

Box(int size): m_width(size), m_length(size), m_height(size){}

Box b = 42;

class ShippingOrder
{
public:
  ShippingOrder(Box b, double postage) : m_box(b), m_postage(postage){}

private:
  Box m_box;
  double m_postage;
}
//elsewhere...
  ShippingOrder so(42, 10.8);

explicit Box(int size): m_width(size), m_length(size), m_height(size){}

class Box {
  Box(int width, int length, int height) 
    : m_width(width), m_length(length), m_height(height){}
};

int main(){

  Box box1{}; // call compiler-generated default ctor
  Box box2;  // call compiler-generated default ctor
}

class myclass{};
int main(){
myclass mc();   // warning C4930: prototyped function not called (was a variable definition intended?)
}

class Box {
  Box(int width, int length, int height) 
    : m_width(width), m_length(length), m_height(height){}
};
private:
  int m_width;
  int m_length;
  int m_height;

};

int main(){

  Box box1(1, 2, 3);
  Box box2{ 2, 3, 4 };
  Box box4;   // compiler error C2512: no appropriate default constructor available
}

Box boxes[3];  // compiler error C2512: no appropriate default constructor available

Box boxes[3]{ { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6 }, { 7, 8, 9 } };

class Box {
public:
  Box(int width, int length, int height){
    m_width = width;
    m_length = length;
    m_height = height;
  }

private:
  int m_width;
  int m_length;
  int m_height;
};

class StorageBox : public Box {
public:
  StorageBox(int width, int length, int height, const string label&) : Box(width, length, height){
    m_label = label;
  }
private:
  string m_label;
};

int main(){

  const string aLabel = "aLabel";
  StorageBox sb(1, 2, 3, aLabel);
} 

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class BaseClass1 {
public:
  BaseClass1() {
    cout << "BaseClass1 constructor." << endl;
  }
};
class BaseClass2 {
public:
  BaseClass2() {
    cout << "BaseClass2 constructor." << endl;
  }
};
class BaseClass3{
public:
  BaseClass3() {
    cout << "BaseClass3 constructor." << endl;
  }
};
class DerivedClass : public BaseClass1, public BaseClass2, public BaseClass3 {
public:
  DerivedClass() {
    cout << "DerivedClass constructor." << endl;
  }
};

int main() {
  DerivedClass dc;
}

BaseClass1 constructor.
BaseClass2 constructor.
BaseClass3 constructor.
DerivedClass constructor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class BaseClass{
public:
  BaseClass(){
    print_it();
  }
  virtual void print_it() {
    cout << "BaseClass print_it" << endl;
  }
};

class DerivedClass : public BaseClass {
public:
  DerivedClass() {
    print_it();
  }
  virtual void print_it(){
    cout << "Derived Class print_it" << endl;
  }
};

int main() {

  DerivedClass dc;
}

BaseClass print_it
Derived Class print_it

class Label {
public:
  Label(const string& name, const string& address) { m_name = name; m_address = address; }
  string m_name;
  string m_address;
};

class StorageBox : public Box {
public:
  StorageBox(int width, int length, int height, Label label) 
    : Box(width, length, height), m_label(label){}
private:
  Label m_label;
};

int main(){
// passing a named Label
  Label label1{ "some_name", "some_address" };
  StorageBox sb1(1, 2, 3, label1);

  // passing a temporary label
  StorageBox sb2(3, 4, 5, Label{ "another name", "another address" });

  // passing a temporary label as an initializer list
  StorageBox sb3(1, 2, 3, {"myname", "myaddress"});
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class ConstructorDestructor {
public:
  ConstructorDestructor() {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor default constructor." << endl;
  }
  ConstructorDestructor(int int1) {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor constructor with 1 int." << endl;
  }
  ConstructorDestructor(int int1, int int2) : ConstructorDestructor(int1) {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor constructor with 2 ints." << endl;

    throw exception();
  }
  ConstructorDestructor(int int1, int int2, int int3) : ConstructorDestructor(int1, int2) {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor constructor with 3 ints." << endl;
  }
  ~ConstructorDestructor() {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor destructor." << endl;
  }
};

int main() {
  ConstructorDestructor dc(1, 2, 3);
}

ConstructorDestructor constructor with 1 int.
ConstructorDestructor constructor with 2 ints.
ConstructorDestructor constructor with 3 ints.

class ConstructorDestructor {
public:
  ConstructorDestructor() {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor default constructor." << endl;
  }
  ConstructorDestructor(int int1) {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor constructor with 1 int." << endl;
  }
  ConstructorDestructor(int int1, int int2) : ConstructorDestructor(int1) {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor constructor with 2 ints." << endl;
    throw exception();
  }
  ConstructorDestructor(int int1, int int2, int int3) : ConstructorDestructor(int1, int2) {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor constructor with 3 ints." << endl;
  }

  ~ConstructorDestructor() {
    cout << "ConstructorDestructor destructor." << endl;
  }
};

int main() {

  try {
    ConstructorDestructor cd{ 1, 2, 3 };
  }
  catch (const exception& ex){
  }
}

ConstructorDestructor constructor with 1 int.
ConstructorDestructor constructor with 2 ints.
ConstructorDestructor destructor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Base
{
public:  
  Base() { cout << "Base()" << endl; }
  Base(const Base& other) { cout << "Base(Base&)" << endl; }
  explicit Base(int i) : num(i) { cout << "Base(int)" << endl; }
  explicit Base(char c) : letter(c) { cout << "Base(char)" << endl; }

private:
  int num;
  char letter;
};

class Derived : Base
{
public:
  // Inherit all constructors from Base
  using Base::Base;

private:
  // Can't initialize newMember from Base constructors.
  int newMember{ 0 };
};


int main(int argc, char argv[])
{
  cout << "Derived d1(5) calls: "; 
  Derived d1(5);
  cout << "Derived d1('c') calls: ";
  Derived d2('c');
  cout << "Derived d3 = d2 calls: " ;
  Derived d3 = d2;
  cout << "Derived d4 calls: ";
  Derived d4; 

  // Keep console open in debug mode:
  cout << endl << "Press Enter to exit.";
  char in[1];
  cin.getline(in, 1);
  return 0;
}

Derived d1(5) calls: Base(int)
Derived d1('c') calls: Base(char)
Derived d3 = d2 calls: Base(Base&)
Derived d4 calls: Base()
Press Enter to exit.

template< typename T >
class Derived : T {
  using T::T;  // declare the constructors from T
  // ...
};

DrawLine( Point( 13, 22 ), Point( 87, 91 ) );

Point pt = Point( 7, 11 );

// specl_calling_virtual_functions.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
  Base();       // Default constructor.
  virtual void f();  // Virtual member function.
};

Base::Base()
{
  cout << "Constructing Base sub-object\n";
  f();        // Call virtual member function
}            // from inside constructor.

void Base::f()
{
  cout << "Called Base::f()\n";
}

class Derived : public Base
{
public:
  Derived();     // Default constructor.
  void f();      // Implementation of virtual
};           // function f for this class.

Derived::Derived()
{
  cout << "Constructing Derived object\n";
}

void Derived::f()
{
  cout << "Called Derived::f()\n";
}

int main()
{
  Derived d;
}