declare
  v_sal number(10); （注意每句话后面别忘记了分号，跟java中的一样）
begin
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal);
end;

declare
  v_sal number(10); （注意，这里声明的空间大小不能比原表中的小）
  v_email varchar2(20);
  v_hire_date date;
begin
  select salary,email,hire_date into v_sal,v_email,v_hire_date from employees where employee_id = 
100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal||','||v_email||','||v_hire_date);
end;
或者：
declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
  v_email employees.email%type;
  v_hire_date employees.hire_date%type;
begin
  select salary,email,hire_date into v_sal,v_email,v_hire_date from employees where employee_id = 
100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal||','||v_email||','||v_hire_date);
end;

declare 
  type emp_record is record(
   v_sal employees.salary%type,
   v_email employees.email%type,
   v_hire_date employees.hire_date%type
  );
  v_emp_record emp_record;
begin
  select salary,email,hire_date into v_emp_record from employees where employee_id = 100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_emp_record.v_sal||','||v_emp_record.v_email||','|| 
  v_emp_record.v_hire_date);
end;

declare
type emp_record is record(
  -- v_emp_id employees.employee_id%type,
  -- v_sal employees.salary%type
  v_emp_id number(10) := 120,
  v_sal number(10,2) :=12000
);
  v_emp_record emp_record;
begin
  -- select employee_id,salary into v_emp_record from employees where employee_id = 123;
  dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_emp_record.v_emp_id||' '||'salary:'|| 
  v_emp_record.v_sal);
end;

declare
  v_emp_record employees%rowtype;
begin
  select * into v_emp_record from employees where employee_id = 123;
  dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_emp_record.employee_id||' '||'salary:'|| 
  v_emp_record.salary);
end;
使用记录来执行update操作：
declare 
  v_emp_id number(10);
begin
  v_emp_id :=123;
  update employees
  set salary = salary + 100
  where employee_id = v_emp_id;
  dbms_output.put_line('执行成功！~~');
end;

declare 
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id =150;
  if v_sal >= 10000 then dbms_output.put_line('salary >= 10000');
  elsif v_sal > 5000 then dbms_output.put_line('10000 > salary >= 5000');
  else dbms_output.put_line('salary < 5000');
  end if;
  dbms_output.put_line('salary:'||v_sal);
end;
利用case ... when ... then ... when ...then ... else ... end实现上题;
declare 
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
  v_temp varchar2(20);
begin
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id =150;
  v_temp :=
  case trunc(v_sal/5000) when 0 then 'salary < 5000'
                  when 1 then '5000 <= salary < 10000'
                  else 'salary >= 10000'
                  end;
  dbms_output.put_line('salary:'||v_sal||' '||v_temp);
end;

declare 
  v_job_id employees.job_id%type;
  v_temp varchar2(20);
begin
  select job_id into v_job_id from employees where employee_id =122;
  v_temp :=
  case v_job_id when 'IT_PROG' then 'A'
            when 'AC_MGT' then 'B'
            when 'AC_ACCOUNT' then 'C'
            else 'D'
            end;
  dbms_output.put_line('job_id:'||v_job_id||' '||v_temp);
end;

declare
  v_i number(5) :=1;

begin
  loop
  dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
  exit when v_i >=100;
  v_i := v_i + 1;
  end loop;
end;
使用while实现：
declare
  v_i number(5) :=1;
begin
  while v_i <= 100 loop
   dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
   v_i := v_i + 1;
  end loop;
end;
使用for...in...loop...end loop;实现：
begin
  for c in 1..100 loop
   dbms_output.put_line(c);
  end loop;
end;

declare
  v_i number(3):= 2;
  v_j number(3):= 2;
  v_flag number(1):= 1;
begin 
  while v_i<=100 loop
   while v_j<=sqrt(v_i) loop
    if mod(v_i,v_j)=0 then v_flag:=0;
    end if;
    v_j:= v_j+1;
   end loop;
  if v_flag = 1 then dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
  end if;
  v_j :=2;
  v_i := v_i + 1;
  v_flag := 1;
  end loop;
end;

declare
  v_flag number(1):= 1;
begin 
  for v_i in 2..100 loop
   for v_j in 2..sqrt(v_i) loop
    if mod(v_i,v_j)=0 then v_flag:=0;
    end if;
   end loop;
   if v_flag=1 then dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
   end if;
   v_flag := 1;
  end loop;
end; 

declare
  v_flag number(1):= 1;
begin 
  for v_i in 2..100 loop
    for v_j in 2..sqrt(v_i) loop
     if mod(v_i,v_j)=0 then v_flag:=0;
     goto label;
     end if;
   end loop;
   <<label>>
   if v_flag=1 then dbms_output.put_line(v_i);
   end if;
   v_flag := 1;
  end loop;
end; 

begin 
  for i in 1..100 loop
   if i=50 then goto label;
   end if;
  dbms_output.put_line(i);
  end loop;
<<label>>
  dbms_output.put_line('打印结束');
end;
或者：
begin 
  for i in 1..100 loop
   if i=50 then dbms_output.put_line('打印结束');
   exit;
   end if;
  dbms_output.put_line(i);
  end loop;
end;

declare
v_empid employees.employee_id%type;
v_lastName employees.last_name%type;
v_sal employees.salary%type;
cursor emp_sal_cursor is select employee_id,last_name,salary from employees where 
department_id = 80;
begin 
open emp_sal_cursor;
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_empid,v_lastName,v_sal;
while emp_sal_cursor%found loop
dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_empid||', '||'last_name:'||v_lastName||', 
'||'salary:'||v_sal);
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_empid,v_lastName,v_sal;
end loop;
close emp_sal_cursor;
end;

declare
type emp_record is record(
v_empid employees.employee_id%type,
v_lastName employees.last_name%type,
v_sal employees.salary%type
);
v_emp_record emp_record;
cursor emp_sal_cursor is select employee_id,last_name,salary from employees where 
department_id = 80;
begin 
open emp_sal_cursor;
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_emp_record;
while emp_sal_cursor%found loop
dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||v_emp_record.v_empid||', '||'last_name:'|| 
v_emp_record.v_lastName||', '||'salary:'||v_emp_record.v_sal);
fetch emp_sal_cursor into v_emp_record;
end loop;
close emp_sal_cursor;
end; 

declare
cursor emp_sal_cursor is select employee_id,last_name,salary from employees where 
department_id = 80;
begin 
for c in emp_sal_cursor loop
dbms_output.put_line('employee_id:'||c.employee_id||', '||'last_name:'||c.last_name||', 
'||'salary:'||c.salary);
end loop;
end;

declare 
  cursor emp_cursor is select employee_id,salary from employees;
  v_empid employees.employee_id%type;
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
  v_temp number(4,2);
begin 
  open emp_cursor;
  fetch emp_cursor into v_empid,v_sal;
  while emp_cursor%found loop
   if v_sal < 5000 then v_temp:=0.05;
   elsif v_sal < 10000 then v_temp:=0.03;
   elsif v_sal < 15000 then v_temp:=0.02;
   else v_temp:=0.01;
   end if;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_empid||','||v_sal);
  update employees
  set salary = salary * (1+v_temp)
  where employee_id = v_empid;
  fetch emp_cursor into v_empid,v_sal;
  end loop;
  close emp_cursor;
end;

declare 
  cursor emp_cursor is select employee_id,salary from employees;
  v_temp number(4,2); 
begin 
  for c in emp_cursor loop
   if c.salary <5000 then v_temp:=0.05;
   elsif c.salary <10000 then v_temp:=0.03;
   elsif c.salary <15000 then v_temp:=0.02;
   else v_temp:=0.01;
  end if;
  update employees
  set salary = salary * (1+v_temp)
  where employee_id = c.employee_id;
  end loop;
end;

begin 
  update employees
  set salary = salary + 10
  where employee_id = 1001;
   if sql%notfound then dbms_output.put_line('查无此人');
   end if;
end;

declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees 
  where employee_id > 100;
  dbms_output.put_line(v_sal); 
exception
  when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('输出的行数过多');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出现其它的异常了');
end;

declare
  e_deleteid_exception exception;
  pragma exception_init(e_deleteid_exception,-2292);
begin 
  delete from employees
  where employee_id = 100; 
exception
  when e_deleteid_exception then dbms_output.put_line('违反了完整性约束，故不能删除此用户');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出现其它的异常了');
end;

declare
  e_sal_hight exception;
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 100;
  if v_sal > 10000 then raise e_sal_hight;
  end if;
exception
  when e_sal_hight then dbms_output.put_line('工资太高了');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出现其它的异常了');
end;

declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 1001;
exception
  when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('未找到此数据');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出现其它的异常了');
end;
更新指定员工工资，如工资小于300，则加100，对NO_DATA_FOUND异常，TOO_MANY_ROWS进行处理。
declare
  v_sal employees.salary%type;
begin 
  select salary into v_sal from employees where employee_id = 1001;
  if v_sal < 300 then update employees set salary = salary + 100 where employee_id =101;
  end if;
exception
  when no_data_found then dbms_output.put_line('未找到此数据');
  when too_many_rows then dbms_output.put_line('输出的行数太多了');
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出现其它的异常了');
end;

declare 
  no_result exception;
begin 
  update employees set salary = salary + 100 where employee_id = 1001;
  if sql%notfound then raise no_result;
  end if;
exception 
  when no_result then dbms_output.put_line('查无此数据,更新失败'); 
  when others then dbms_output.put_line('出现其它异常'); 
end;

create or replace function hello_world 
return varchar2
is （相当于declare，可以在其后面定义变量、记录、游标）
begin 
  return 'helloworld';
end;
存储函数的调用：
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(hello_world);
end;
或者：
select hello_world from dual;

create or replace function hello_world1(v_logo varchar2)
return varchar2
is 
begin 
  return 'helloworld'||v_logo;
end;
调用：
select hello_world1('shellway') from dual
或者：
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(hello_world1('shellway'));
end;

create or replace function get_sysdate
return varchar2
is 
begin 
  return to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-MM-dd HH24:mi:ss');
end;

create or replace function add_param(v_num1 number,v_num2 number)
return number
is
  v_num3 number(10);
begin
  v_num3 := v_num1 + v_num2;
  return v_num3;
end;
调用：
select add_param(2,5) from dual;
或者：
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(add_param(5,4));
end; 

create or replace function get_sal(dept_id number)
return number
is 
  v_sumsal number(10) := 0;
  cursor salary_cursor is select salary from employees where department_id = dept_id;
begin 
  for c in salary_cursor loop 
  v_sumsal := v_sumsal + c.salary;
  end loop;
  return v_sumsal;
end;
调用：
select get_sal(80) from dual;

create or replace function get_sal(dept_id number,total_count out number)
return number
is 
 v_sumsal number(10) := 0;
 cursor salary_cursor is select salary from employees where department_id = dept_id;
begin 
  total_count := 0;
  for c in salary_cursor loop 
    v_sumsal := v_sumsal + c.salary;
    total_count := total_count + 1;
  end loop;
  return v_sumsal;
end;
调用：
declare
  v_count number(4);
begin 
  dbms_output.put_line(get_sal(80,v_count));
  dbms_output.put_line(v_count);
end;

create or replace procedure get_sal1(dept_id number,sumsal out number)
is 
 cursor salary_cursor is select salary from employees where department_id = dept_id;
begin 
 sumsal := 0;
 for c in salary_cursor loop 
   sumsal := sumsal + c.salary;
 end loop;
 dbms_output.put_line(sumsal);
end;
调用：
declare 
  v_sal number(10):=0; 
begin 
 get_sal1(80,v_sal);
end;

create or replace procedure add_sal(dept_id number,temp out number)
is
  cursor sal_cursor is select employee_id,salary,hire_date 
  from employees where department_id = dept_id;
  v_temp number(4,2):=0;
begin 
  temp := 0;
  for c in sal_cursor loop
    if to_char(c.hire_date,'yyyy') < '1995' then v_temp:=0.05;
    elsif to_char(c.hire_date,'yyyy') < '1998' then v_temp:=0.03;
    else v_temp:=0.01;
    end if;

  update employees 
  set salary = salary * (1+v_temp) 
  where employee_id = c.employee_id;

  temp := temp + c.salary*v_temp; 
  end loop;
  dbms_output.put_line(temp);
end;
调用：
declare 
  v_i number(10):=0;
begin
  add_sal(80,v_i);
end;

create or replace trigger update_emp_trigger
after
  update on employees
for each row (行级触发器，即每更新一条记录就会输出一次'helloworld'，若没有这语句则是语句级触发器)
begin
  dbms_output.put_line('helloworld');
end;

1、
create table emp1
as
select employee_id,salary,email from employees where department_id = 80;
2、
create or replace trigger update_emp_trigger2
after
  update on emp1
for each row
begin
  dbms_output.put_line('old salary:'||:old.salary||'new salary:'||:new.salary);
end;
3、
update emp1 set salary = salary + 100 ；

1、创建my_emp表：
create table my_emp 
as
select employee_id,salary from employees ;
2、创建my_emp_bak表：
create table my_emp_bak
as
select employee_id,salary from employees where 1=2;
3、检查创建的表中的记录：
select * from my_emp
select * from my_emp_bak
4、创建一个触发器：
create or replace trigger delete_emp_trigger 
before
  delete on my_emp 
for each row
begin
  insert into my_emp_bak 
  values(:old.employee_id,:old.salary);
end;
5、执行含有触发器时间的语句：
delete from my_emp
6、检查触发器执行后的结果：
select * from my_emp
select * from my_emp_bak